THEL 


GIFT  OF 


••••    .- 


LESSONS  FOR 
JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


BY 


MABEL  HILL 

INSTRUCTOR   IN   SOCIALIZED    CIVICS  AND    ECONOMICS    IN 

THE    POSTGRADUATE    DEPARTMENT,    DANA    HALL 

SCHOOL,  WELLESLEY,  MASSACH  I'SETTS 


WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION 
BY  " 

ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART 

PROFESSOR  OF    HISTORY    IN    HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


GINN  AND  COMPANY 

BOSTON     •     NEW   YORK     •     CHICAGO     •     LONDON 
ATLANTA     •     DALLAS     •     COLUMBUS     •     SAN    FRANCISCO 


Ht 


•  '  >  COPYRIGHT,  1906 
•   -  .tfv  MABEL  HILL 

ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 
619.3 


CINN  ANP  COMPANY  •  PRO- 
PRIETORS •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


THIS  LITTLE  BOOK 

is 
DEDICATED 

TO 

MY    DEAR    MOTHER 


459918 


PREFACE 

IT  is  the  aim  of  this  book  to  create  an  interest  in 
specific  knowledge  regarding  the  work  of  municipal 
governments,  and  to  arouse  a  certain  kind  of  hero- 
worship  for  the  men  who  are  carrying  out  this  work. 
Our  policemen,  our  firemen,  our  inspectors  of  sanitary 
conditions,  our  builders  of  parks,  our  overseers  of  the 
poor,  our  school  committees,  and  other  officials  and 
employees  taken  together  are  the  guardians  of  our 
municipal  life. 

These  unpretentious  lessons  have  grown  out  of  my 
actual  experience  during  my  years  of  supervision  in  the 
Lowell  State  Normal  Practice  Schools. 

Believing  that  the  majority  of  children  are  more  in- 
terested in  street  scenes  and  actual  life  about  them 
during  the  years  that  they  attend  the  grammar  schools 
than  later  when  members  of  high  schools  and  academies, 
where  their  interests  are  diversified,  I  have  felt  that  a 
knowledge  of  the  principles  and  duties  of  good  govern- 
ment should  be  presented  in  the  elementary  schools. 
Moreover,  I  have  not  only  found  that  these  young  citi- 
zens are  keenly  interested  in  the  study  of  civics,  but  I 


vi  PREFACE 

have  also  discovered  that  this  branch  of  knowledge  is 
a  bond  between  the  schoolroom  and  the  home.  In 
these  days  of  psychological  and  pedagogical  teaching 
there  is  little  opportunity  for  parents  to  cooperate  with 
children  in  school  work.  These  little  studies  in  good 
government  afford  just  such  an  opportunity;  the  home 
anecdotes  of  actual  experience  serve  to  aid  the  boy 
and  girl  in  their  own  researches. 

I  am  under  special  obligation  to  the  following  friends, 
who  have  been  most  gracious  in  their  interest  in  this 
book,  giving  their  services  to  read  the  manuscript,  to 
take  photographs,  and  to  collect  data:  Mr.  Horace  H. 
Knapp,  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  Lowell ; 
Colonel  George  Billings,  Commissioner  of  Immigration, 
Boston ;  Mr.  J.  E.  McCarthy,  General  Agent  of  Trus- 
tees for  Children,  Boston ;  Mr.  Natt  H.  Hutchins,  North 
Billerica;  Mr.  Edward  S.  Hosmer,  Chief  Engineer  of 
the  Fire  Department  of  Lowell;  Mr.  Hugh  Downey, 
Lieutenant  of  the  Police  of  Lowell ;  Mr.  E.  T.  Hart- 
man,  Secretary  Massachusetts  Civic  League,  Boston ; 
Mr.  Francis  W.  Farwell,  Chicago,  Illinois;  Mr.  Joseph 
H.  Wade,  New  York  City;  Mr.  William  H.  Shiels, 
Street  Department,  Boston ;  Mr.  John  B.  Crowley,  Ser- 
geant of  Police,  Lowell ;  Mr.  Edward  F.  Slattery,  Pro- 
bation Officer,  Lowell ;  Mrs.  Lucia  A.  Mead,  Boston ; 
Mr.  Charles  A.  Whittet,  Superintendent  of  Parks, 
Lowell;  Mr.  Edwin  D.  Mead,  Boston;  Miss  Jane  Bradt, 


PREFACE  vii 

Lowell ;  Miss  Ada  Locke,  Lawrence ;  Miss  Luanna 
DeCatur,  Westford,  Massachusetts;  Mr.  R.  J.  Thomas, 
Superintendent  of  Water  Works  of  Lowell;  Mr.  S.  E. 
Raymond,  Lowell  Gas  Light  Co.;  Mr.  N.  A.  Warren, 
Superintendent  of  Middlesex  County  Truant  School, 
North  Chelmsford  ;  Miss  Helen  L.  Parrish,  of  the  Octavia 
Hill  Association,  Philadelphia;  and  Mr.  Paul  U.  Kel- 
logg, "  Charities,"  New  York  City.  I  am  also  indebted 
to  Colliers  Weekly,  for  the  photograph  of  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  at  St.  Louis;  to  Frederick  H. 
Wagner,  for  the  photograph  of  the  Republican  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago ;  and  to  the  Edison  Electric  Illuminating 
Company  of  Boston,  for  a  photograph  of  their  L  Street 
station.  It  would  be  a  very  long  list  were  I  to  include 
those  who  have  also  been  helpful  with  suggestions.  Of 
these  there  have  been  many,  and  they  must  accept  my 

gratitude  in  the  aggregate. 

THE   AUTHOR. 

4  PARK  ST.,  LOWELL,  MASSACHUSETTS, 
March  5,  1906. 


CONTENTS 

PACK 

PREFACE       ...  v 

INTRODUCTION       . xi 

HINTS  TO  TEACHERS xix 

I.     THE  POLICE  DEPARTMENT i 

II.    THE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH u 

III.  THE  FIRE  DEPARTMENT 24 

IV.  THE  STREET  DEPARTMENT      .                 38 

V.     THE  SCHOOL  SYSTEM' 53 

VI.     OVERSEERS  OF  THE  POOR .70 

VII.     THE  PARK  COMMISSION 83 

VIII.     MUNICIPAL  INTERESTS 96 

IX.    JUVENILE  COURTS     .        .    """ 112 

X.     THE  CAUCUS  AND  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION   .        .        .  124 

XI      THE  TOWN  MEETING 142 

XII.     THE  VILLAGE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION      ....  154 

XIII.  IMMIGRATION  AND  NATURALIZATION        .        .        .        .        .  168 

XIV.  THE  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 186 

XV.     THE  PEACE  MOVEMENT 197 

APPENDIX  A  —  Topics  :  Bibliography 209 

APPENDIX  B  —  Glossary 220 


INTRODUCTION 

NOTHING  is  more  important  to  the  American  boy  and 
girl  than  correct  impressions  of  the  character,  purpose, 
and  workings  of  the  government  in  the  midst  of  which 
they  live.  Reading,  writing,  and  ciphering,  which  were 
the  staple  of  the  old-fashioned  schools  and  which  some 
people  think  the  sole  purpose  of  education,  are  really 
only  means  to  an  end :  their  service  is  to  make  it  pos- 
sible to  learn  to  communicate  and  to  record.  The  real 
education  tries  to  prepare  people  to  take  their  place  in 
the  communities  in  which  they  live.  Certainly  the  justi- 
fication of  public  schools  must  be  that  they  fulfill  the 
public  purpose  of  improving  the  condition  of  the  com- 
munity which  makes  sacrifices  to  keep  the  schools  going. 

Every  good  teacher  and  every  good  superintendent 
recognizes  this  duty  of  the  schools  and  is  familiar  with 
the  difficulty  of  the  process.  Government  in  itself  is  an 
abstract  conception ;  not  much  easier  to  grasp  than  a 
conception  of  space  or  number.  Government  is  exceed- 
ingly complex,  especially  in  a  federation  like  ours,  where 
almost  every  child  is  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  local, 
county,  state,  and  national  authorities,  to  say  nothing  of 

xi 


xii  INTRODUCTION 

the  distribution  of  governing  powers  between  lawmakers, 
executors  of  law,  and  the  courts. 

Furthermore,  so  long  as  people  are  clothed,  fed,  and 
protected  in  life  and  property,  the  greater  part  of  them 
are  willing  to  accept  these  blessings  without  troubling 
their  minds  as  to  just  how  they  come  by  them.  People 
accept  government  much  as  they  do  the  weather,  —  in- 
different to  sunshine  and  content  to  grumble  if  it  storms. 
Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  intelligent  public  rightfully 
demands  that  children  shall  know  something  of  the 
vague  and  mysterious  thing  which  we  call  "government," 
and  inasmuch  as  it  deeply  concerns  every  human  being, 
some  sort  of  teaching  of  government  is  essential.  In 
the  high  schools  there  can  be  formal  instruction  with 
detailed  text-books,  and  a  similar  kind  of  teaching  can 
be  applied  with  more  elementary  books  in  the  higher 
grammar  grades ;  but,  throughout,  the  subject  will  have 
no  more  life  and  actuality  in  the  mind  than  the  old- 
fashioned  "fourteen  weeks'  course  in  geology,"  unless 
the  subject  is  made  specific.  No  child  can  be  interested 
in  the  government  of  abstract  units;  every  intelligent 
child  can  be  and  is  to  a  certain  degree  interested  in  his 
own  government. 

The  successful  method  of  teaching  the  subject, 
therefore,  must  be  practical,  specific,  and  illustrated  by 
the  everyday  experience  of  those  who  are  taught;  with 
such  a  purpose  in  view  Miss  Hill  has  prepared  this 


INTRODUCTION  xiii 

volume,  which  is  intended  to  bring  the  pupil  into  per- 
sonal relation  with  the  governmental  atmosphere  which 
surrounds  him  and  which  he  breathes  in  without  know- 
ing it.  The  truth  is  that  children  all  have  some  ideas 
about  government,  however  uncertain,  vague,  and  one- 
sided. The  child  of  a  mayor  will  certainly  have  some 
positive  beliefs  as  to  the  necessity  of  executive  power  in 
the  city;  the  son  of  an  alderman  imbibes  notions  as  to 
the  necessity  of  a  check  upon  the  city  executive ;  while 
the  child  of  a  policeman  or  of  a  teacher  or  of  a  water 
inspector  will  look  upon  the  "city"  as  something  to 
defend  and  protect.  To  utilize  these  odds  and  ends  of 
contact  with  government,  so  that  every  child  may  make 
his  first-hand  information  available  for  the  others,  and  so 
that  there  may  be  something  like  a  consistent  view  of 
the  whole  machinery  of  government,  means  to  put  the 
teaching  of  civics  upon  a  new  footing. 

Miss  Hill's  method  is  simple  and  effective;  it  is,  by 
a  succession  of  short  stories  describing  the  make-up  and 
the  working  of  various  institutions,  to  arouse  interest  and 
to  lead  to  extension  of  the  children's  previous  knowl- 
edge. She  has  had  in  mind,  not  to  cover  the  whole 
ground,  but  to  take  those  sides  of  the  American  govern- 
ments that  most  easily  lend  themselves  to  such  treatment. 
Hence  the  first  seven  stories  are  accounts  of  some  of 
the  most  striking  functions  of  government,  leaving  the 
organization  of  the  state  till  later.  Miss  Hill's  experi- 


xiv  INTRODUCTION 

ence  has  shown  her  that  one  of  the  most  fruitful  sources 
of  interest  in  government  is  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
children  to  things  all  about  them.  One  would  not 
expect  to  find  anything  thrilling  in  the  "  Police  Depart- 
ment," the  "Fire  Department,"  the  "Street  Depart- 
ment," and  the  "  Park  Commission,"  yet  these  stories  are 
interesting  to  the  adult,  and  will  be  so  to  the  children 
precisely  because  they  reveal  what  to  youngsters  is  a 
novel  idea ;  namely,  that  policemen,  firemen,  street 
sweepers,  and  park  laborers  are  all  parts  of  one 
great  system,  the  object  of  which  is  the  public  welfare ; 
and  that  it  is  not  only  a  pleasure  to  know  something  of 
the  details  of  these  departments,  it  is  also  a  duty.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  child  is  much  better  acquainted  with 
the  policeman  on  his  beat,  the  fire-engine  house  around 
the  corner,  and  the  street  cleaner  than  are  his  elders ; 
and  he  is  more  likely  to  establish  with  these  public 
servants  chains  of  acquaintance  which  will  lead  to  in- 
formation that  does  not  often  come  to  the  ken  of  the 
tax-payer. 

A  little  farther  from  ordinary  knowledge,  yet  equally 
subject  to  inquiry,  and  full  of  surprising  interest,  are  the 
stories  on  "  Board  of  Health,"  "  Overseers  of  the  Poor," 
and  "School  Committee,"  all  of  which  fit  into  the  sys- 
tem of  dealing  with  government  at  first  hand. 

The  two  stones  on  "  Village  Improvement  Associa- 
tion "  and  "  Municipal  Interests "  bring  out  the  differ- 


INTRODUCTION  xv 

ence  between  rural  and  urban  problems  and  their 
adjustments.  The  three  stories  on  the  "  Town  Meet- 
ing," "  The  Caucus,  Election,  and  Inauguration,"  and 
the  "National  Convention"  set  forth  the  various  methods 
of  putting  candidates  before  voters.  The  story  on  "  Im- 
migration and  Naturalization "  illustrates  the  general 
subject  of  the  character  of  our  population,  the  race 
element  entering  into  it,  while  the  problem  of  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation  is  suggested.  The  discussion  of 
the  "  Juvenile  Court "  is  well  worth  while  because  of  the 
lesson  of  responsibility  which  it  teaches.  Here,  as 
throughout  the  group  of  stories,  Miss  Hill  does  not 
look  for  the  seamy  side  of  government.  She  does  not 
describe  in  detail  the  tricks  and  frauds  which  are,  un- 
happily, too  familiar  to  all  of  us,  but  she  does  not  blink 
them  or  ignore  them.  A  healthy  part  of  the  whole 
book  is  its  insistence  upon  the  principle  that  American 
government  is  intended  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the 
governed,  and  that  those  who  convert  it  to  any  private 
uses  are  taking  something  which  does  not  belong  to 
them. 

As  has  been  already  pointed  out  in  this  introduction, 
the  stories  in  government  are  illustrations.  They  pre- 
sume that  the  teacher  who  uses  them  is  interested  in 
the  subject  and  believes  in  its  teaching  value.  They 
assume  also  that  school  children  are  wide-awake  and  in 
general  delighted  to  discover  that  their  studies  have  a 


xvi  INTRODUCTION 

personal  connection  with  the  world  around  them.  These 
two  expectations  are  so  frequently  realized  in  American 
schools  that  this  book  seems  likely  to  serve  a  useful 
purpose  in  the  development  of  the  study  of  government. 

Following  each  story  are  informal  questions,  not  upon 
the  story,  but  upon  the  things  which  the  story  suggests 
as  a  line  of  thought ;  they  are,  for  the  greater  part, 
answerable  either  from  personal  experience  or  from  the 
ordinary  compilations,  such  as  the  political  almanacs, 
newspapers,  and  reports  of  departments.  Wherever 
there  is  a  school  library,  even  a  small  one,  or  a  public 
library,  some  of  these  materials  are  sure  to  be  available. 
These  informal  questions  suggest,  moreover,  other  ques- 
tions, which  in  turn  may  be  worked  out  by  the  children 
without  other  materials  for  assistance  than  the  talks  of 
the  teacher  and  the  common  handbooks.  Many  of  these 
questions  a  child  would  naturally  carry  to  his  own  home, 
and  the  personal  cooperation  of  parent  and  child  upon 
such  questions-  as  immigration,  naturalization,  boards  of 
health,  and  the  like,  will  lead  to  still  further  interest  and 
intelligence. 

The  vocabulary  of  terms,  presumably  unfamiliar  to  all 
school  children,  but  in  part  known  to  many  of  them, 
contains  the  words  essential  for  understanding  the 
study  of  the  department  under  discussion.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  terms  of  politics  and  government  are  most 
of  them  used  in  the  newspapers,  and  will  not  strike 


INTRODUCTION  xvii 

children  as  uncanny  even  when  they  are  novel ;  but  it 
is  of  great  importance  that  they  should  be  made  clear 
by  discussion  in  the  class,  for  everybody  knows  how 
easy  it  is  for  children  to  go  on  using  phrases  without 
a  glimmer  of  the  meaning;  as  in  the  case  of  the  school- 
boy who  declared  that  President  Monroe  informed  the 
nations  of  Europe  that  America  was  "  no  longer  open 
to  civilization."  Doubtless  "  civilization "  meant  as 
much  to  that  child  as  "  colonization." 

Following  the  Vocabulary  are  statements  of  the  agen- 
cies of  government  and  their  various  functions.  These 
official  terms  and  duties  are  meant  to  bring  out  clearly 
the  fact  that  the  police,  for  instance,  do  not  administer 
themselves,  but  are  under  the  direction  of  various  au- 
thorities and  called  upon  to  perform  a  variety  of 
duties.  These  officials  and  functions  are  in  many  cases 
already  familiar  to  children,  and  if  not  they  can  easily 
be  made  plain  to  them.  These  definitions,  however,  are, 
like  the  stories,  only  introductory  or  suggestive  in  the 
work  of  the  volume.  Each  chapter  is  meant  to  create 
a  desire  for  investigation  which  shall  expand  both  the 
knowledge  and  the  interest  of  the  child. 

The  Appendix  contains  questions  for  further  investi- 
gation. These  questions  require  additional  search  into 
books  or,  still  better,  more  inquiry  from  parents,  friends, 
and  public  officials.  Such,  for  instance,  is  the  question 
of  the  actual  cost  of  the  fire  department  in  any  city; 


xviii  INTRODUCTION 

the  question  whether  it  is  a  common  thing  for  parks  to 
include  a  zoological  garden  ;  whether  cities  ought  to 
keep  up  commercial  high  schools,  and  so  on.  In  prac- 
tice, it  seems  likely  that  questions  of  this  kind,  which 
set  children  to  looking  about  them  and  consulting  their 
elders  and  using  the  official  reports  of  their  towns  or 
cities  or  villages,  are  likely  to  be  one  of  the  most  fruitful 
parts  of  this  system  of  teaching ;  for  they  not  only 
awaken  interest,  but  a  sense  of  the  responsibility  for 
their  own  government,  of  the  joint  ownership  of  public 
property,  and  of  the  influence  of  the  voters  upon  admin- 
istrative policies. 

Finally,  in  the  Appendix  is  added  for  each  chapter  a 
brief  bibliography  of  the  subject,  referring  first  of  all  to  a 
few  available  text-books  which  give  in  more  precise  form 
the  kind  of  information  which  is  set  forth  in  the  stories. 
To  make  the  system  efficient,  there  should  be  a  little 
collection  of  such  books  at  the  disposal  of  pupils,  and  of 
course  it  will  be  an  advantage  to  include  the  larger 
descriptive  books  on  American  government.  But  the 
principle  of  these  Lesson  Stories  is  to  deal  not  with  words 
or  printed  statements,  but  with  living  men,  and  the  things 
every  day  being  done  —  for  that  is  what  Government 
means. 

ALBERT   BUSHNELL   HART 

19  CRAIGIE  ST.,  CAMBRIDGE,  MASS., 
January,  1906. 


HINTS    TO    TEACHERS 

THIS  informal  course  in  civics  is  meant  to  be  suggestive. 
The  purpose  of  the  stories  is  to  create  an  interest  which  will 
lead  both  children  and  teacher  to  relate  other  stories  and  anec- 
dotes. The  informal  questions  following  the  stories  ought  to 
prompt  many  further  questions  with  special  reference  to  the 
city  or  town  in  which  the  text-book  is  being  used.  The  vocabu- 
lary of  technical  words  and  official  terms  and  duties  of  officers 
of  departments  should  be  discussed  in  class  with  quick  reference 
to  the  glossary  when  necessary.  Out  of  the  conversation  over 
these  words  clearer  definitions  than  can  possibly  be  'given  in 
the  glossary  will  be  offered  by  the  boys  and  girls  themselves, 
because  through  their  intimate  or  even  casual  street  knowledge 
of  many  of  the  terms  they  will  be  able  to  explain  the  words  in 
full  before  the  class.  These  chapters  cannot  necessarily  repre- 
sent the  life  in  any  one  city  or  town ;  therefore  the  teacher  will 
need  to  draw  a  contrast  between  the  actual  work  of  her  city  or 
town  and  the  situation  discussed  in  the  story  itself  or  in  the 
questions  following  the  story.  Conditions  in  very  large  cities 
or  in  very  small  towns  will  be  quite  unlike  anything  treated  in 
these  chapters.  The  text,  however,  will  arouse  comment,  and 
comment  should  lead  to  interest  in  these  matters. 

In  the  Appendix  there  will  be  found  further  questions  for 
investigation  and  bibliographical  lists  of  books.  This  more 
advanced  work  ought  to  be  of  help  to  the  teachers  as  well  as 
to  the  pupils  where  civil  government  text-books  are  at  the 
teacher's  command,  either  in  the  schoolroom  or  in  the  public 
library.  These  questions  for  further  investigation  are  sug- 


xx  HINTS    TO   TEACHERS 

gested  as  special  work  for  individual  pupils,  to  be  treated  as 
subjects  for  written  compositions  or  formal  recitations  before 
the  class.  There  should  be  careful  preparation  of  these  topics, 
the  teacher  guiding  the  pupils  in  the  collection  of  material 
from  the  reference  books. 

In  our  own  city  it  has  been  possible  for  us  to  interest  the 
government  officials  in  the  work  of  these  schools  to  such  an 
extent  that  we  not  only  have  access  to  printed  reports  and 
photographs,  but  in  some  cases  members  of  the  city  govern- 
ment and  city  committees  have  given  their  time  to  talk  to  the 
children  themselves.  When  I  have  sent  a  committee  of  boys 
to  the  city  hall  or  a  committee  of  girls  to  individual  members  of 
the  departments  in  orcfer  that  they  might  report  to  the  rest  of 
the  class  something  very  definite  in  regard  to  municipal  interests, 
we  have  been  met  with  a  most  hearty  cooperation  from  these 
departments  and  individual  members. 

Out  of  these  investigations  the  children  have  written  stories, 
both  original  and  anecdotal.  Boys  have  brought  in  plans  re- 
garding the  cost  of  city  expenditures ;  girls  have  reported  their 
visits  to  the  parks,  often  suggesting  what  might  be  done  in  the 
future  to  beautify  our  public  squares  and  unreclaimed  land,  as 
well  as  reporting  what  is  being  done  at  the  present  time. 

In  connection  with  political  questions  there  need  be  no  politi- 
cal rivalry  whatsoever.  Teachers  and  children  alike  know  that 
both  great  parties  are  necessary,  and  when  at  their  best  both 
parties  are  working  for  the  interests  of  the  country.  If  Ameri- 
can history  has  previously  been  made  a  part  of  the  school  course, 
civil  government  can  be  studied  more  effectively.  Present 
political  situations  in  municipal  life  have  grown  out  of  the  his- 
torical background.  Again,  if  local  history  is  part  of  the 
school  programme,  present  municipal  life  can  be  more  intelli- 
gently interpreted  with  the  knowledge  of  a  city's  or  town's 
inheritance. 


' 


LESSONS    FOR 

JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

A    POLICE    DEPARTMENT   STORY 

JERRY  O'CONNOR,  the  police  officer  on  duty  in  our 
ward,  liked  my  father's  plan  for  me  to  study  good  gov- 
ernment by  personal  investigation.  So  the  first  after- 
noon when  he  had  leisure,  he  told  me  about  the  duties 
of  a  policeman ;  and  now  I  think  our  city  protectors  are 
as  heroic  as  real  soldiers. 

First,  Jerry  told  me  that  years  ago  when  he  was  a 
young  man  and  had  become  a  "supernumerary,"  or  was 
put  on  a  beat  for  the  first  time,  he  had  nothing  to  help 
him  learn  beforehand  how  to  fulfill  his  duty.  Now, 


.2   .    ...    ^       LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

however,  the  policeman  is  supplied  with  a  text-book, 
called  a  Police  Manual.  Still,  the  most  important  way 
for  a  policeman  or  anybody  else  to  learn,  is  by  expe- 
rience, which  is  gained  by  doing  things  as  they  come 
along  day  by  day.  The  policeman  begins  by  knowing 
his  own  beat  and  by  planning  how  to  overcome  what- 
ever difficulties  may  arise  on  his  tour.  During  much 
of  his  time  throughout  the  day  he  seems  only  to  be 
standing  around;  yet  he  is  really  studying  the  faces  of 
the  people  as  they  pass  him,  and  watching  groups  of 
idlers.  He  soon  learns  to  classify  people  by  their  faces. 
Jerry  says  that  he  sometimes  stands  for  an  hour  in  one 
place;  and  hundreds  of  people  pass  him  without  needing 
attention.  Then  will  come  along  a  man  who  will  have 
something  in  his  expression  which  makes  the  officer 
suspicious.  He  slowly  follows  this  man,  not  openly  but 
quietly,  keeping  his  eyes  upon  him,  dogging  his  steps, 
until  he  is  sure  that  the  man's  intention  is  evil,  that  he 
is  planning  some  wrong  deed  or  has  already  committed 
some  crime.  It  is  then  the  policeman's  duty  to  confront 
the  suspected  person,  ring  for  a  patrol  or  notify  other 
policemen,  and  carry  the  man  to  the  police  station.  At 
headquarters  such  a  person  is  booked  as  a  "suspicious 
person." 

Jerry  says  the  policeman  must  be  a  student  of  human 
nature,  and  cannot  be  successful  unless  he  can  quickly 
recognize  character  by  outside  appearances. 


A  POLICE   DEPARTMENT  STORY  3 

A  policeman  has  many  other  very  responsible  duties. 
For  instance,  at  night,  and  at  other  times,  too,  of  course, 
he  must  watch  unoccupied  houses.  I  can  see  now  why 
father  does  not  worry  more  about  our  home  when  we 
are  away  for  the  summer  holidays. 


THE  PATROL  WAGON  AND  POLICEMEN 

Jerry  told  me  of  the  curious  accidents  that  often 
happen  to  policemen  on  their  beats,  before  they  know 
just  how  things  are  situated  around  private  dwellings. 
Sometimes  the  accidents  are  serious,  as  when  clothes- 
lines are  left  out,  and,  stiff  with  frost  on  a  winter's 
night,  cut  a  man's  face,  if  he  runs  into  them,  as 
deeply  as  if  they  were  made  of  wire.  Policeman  Shaw 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


is  still   limping  from   the  effects  of  a  fall   through  an 

open  trap  door. 

When  the  policeman  smells  smoke,  his  first  duty  is  to 

locate  the  fire,  then  awaken  the  inmates  of  the  house, 

and  hasten  to  the  fire-alarm  box  if  the  fire  proves  serious. 

In  thickly  settled  quarters,  where  many  tenants  occupy 

one  building,  the  police  often 
perform  heroic  deeds  by  res- 
cuing from  remote  bedrooms 
the  sleeping  occupants  who 
might  otherwise  die  of  suffo- 
cation. 

What  I  enjoyed  most  in 
Jerry's  story  was  his  expla- 
nation of  "instinctive  dictation." 
He  explained  that  the  police- 
man often  feels  within  him 
that  something  is  wrong  in  a 
particular  place  on  his  beat, 
even  when  he  has  no  real 
reason  for  this  feeling.  This 
instinct,  if  followed,  almost 
invariably  finds  some  one  or 
something  in  trouble.  Jerry 
himself  has  had  a  great  many 

wonderful  experiences.     His  own  last  dictation  occurred 

only  a  week  ago  at  the  time  of  the  big  snowstorm.     He 


AT  THE  SIGNAL  Box 


A   POLICE   DEPARTMENT   STORY 


5 


and  Hiram  Shaw  met  at  Tower's  Corner  on  their 
way  to  the  station.  The  work  for  the  night  had 
been  done,  and  yet  Jerry  said,  "  I  don't  know  why, 
Hiram,  but  I  feel  there  may  be  something  wrong 
up  at  the  South  Common."  Jerry  knew  that  if  he 


INTERIOR  OF  A  POLICE  STATION 

returned  to  the  South  Common  he  must  retrace  his 
steps  to  the  extreme  point  of  the  beat.  Hiram  attempted 
to  put  the  thought  out  of  Jerry's  mind.  "  Nobody 
is  out  after  twelve  on  that  beat;  besides,  it's  time  to 
report."  But  Jerry  had  already  rung  in  his  half-hour 
signal,  and  he  told  Hiram  to  explain  matters  at  the 
station  house. 


6  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Jerry  hastened  to  the  South  Common.  The  moment 
he  entered  the  gates  he  saw  tracks  in  the  newly  fallen 
snow.  The  wind  blew  in  a  hurricane  across  the  great 

park,  but  as  he 
pushed  on  he 
could  see  halfway 
across  the  Com- 
mon a  man's  form 
lying  in  the  snow. 
A  moment  later 
and  Jerry  found 
that  his  instinct 
had  not  been  in 
vain ;  an  office  clerk 
from  a  hotel,  who 
had  cut  an  artery  in  his  hand  and  was  staggering 
home,  had  attempted  to  push  his  way  across  the  park. 
But  for  Jerry's  "  instinctive  dictation  "  the  man  would 
probably  have  lost  his  life. 

Very  often  a  crime  is  planned  by  several  people. 
When  there  is  evidence  of  such  a  "  gang,"  two  or  three 
policemen  will  get  together  before  making  a  raid. 
Usually,  however,  each  policeman  is  alone  most  of  the 
night.  As  he  goes  up  and  down  the  city  streets  he 
must  try  the  shop  doors.  When  a  policeman  finds  a 
door  unlocked,  it  is  his  unpleasant  duty  to  enter  and 
discover  if  there  are  burglars  within.  It  must  be  very 


THE  MOUNTED  POLICEMAN 


A  POLICE   DEPARTMENT   STORY 


lonesome  going  through  a  great  empty  store  expecting 
to  find  a  desperate  man  who  may,  if  confronted,  attack 
the  policeman  in  order  to  escape. 

Some  of  the  pleasanter  duties  of  the  policeman  are, 
the  care  he  has  of  old  people  and  cripples,  as  they  cross 
the  highways  or  attempt  to  get  upon  street  cars,  restor- 
ing lost  children  who  are  sometimes  so  terror-stricken 
that  they  cannot  even  remember  their  names,  directing 
strangers  to  the  right  localities,  and  recovering  stolen 
property.  Day  in  and  day  out  the  policeman's  life  must 
be  a  very  busy  one ;  and  in  most  cases,  as  the  jingle  in 
the  "  Pirates  of  Penzance "  puts  it,  "  the  policeman's 
life  is  not  a  happy 
one." 

Jerry  told  me  many 
anecdotes  about  the 
work  of  policemen  dur- 
ing great  crowds  and 
parades,  and  about  bur- 
glaries and  fires,  which 
were  very  exciting. 
When  he  had  finished 
he  said,  "  Whenever 
you  see  a  man  with  a  blue  suit  and  brass  buttons, 
remember  that  it  is  his  constant  vigilance  by  day  and 
night  which  makes  the  city  a  safe  place  for  men,  women, 
and  little  children." 


A  SQUAD  OF  POLICEMEN  STARTING  OUT 
UPON  THEIR  DUTIES 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


A  POLICE  PRECINCT  HOUSE 

What  other  duties  can  you  think  of  in  the  policeman's 
daily  life  which  show  that  he  must  be  brave  and  judi- 
cious ? 

How  are  the  police  appointed  in  your  city? 

Why  is  it  so  imperative  that  the  policeman  notify 
headquarters  that  he  is  on  his  round  of  duty  by  ringing 
in  a  private  alarm  ? 

How  does  he  assist  personally  the  other  departments 
as  he  goes  about  on  his  patrol  ? 

A  policeman  has  the  right  of  self-defense  when 
assaulted  or  about  to  be  assaulted.  ,  Why  "is  this  wise? 

Is  a  policeman  always  a  policeman  ?  That  is,  when 
off  duty  can  he  act  as  a  policeman  and  arrest  a  person 
committing  a  misdemeanor? 


A   POLICE   DEPARTMENT   STORY 


How  can  boys  and  girls  make  themselves  useful  to 
the  police  force  ? 

For  one  week 
notice  especially  if 
there  is  any  oppor- 
tunity for  you  to 
be  of  use  to  this 
department.  Do 
not  hunt  for  it,  but 
see  if  it  does  not 
develop. 

Why  should  the 
exact  truth  be  told 
an  officer  when 
children  report  sus- 
picious cases  ? 

Some  children 
are  very  thought- 
less, and  sometimes  become  nuisances  to  the  police 
force.  How  can  we  overcome  such  an  attitude  among 
children  ? 

Why  should  we  not  become  friendly  with  the  police- 
man at  the  park,  or  swimming  pool,  or  on  our  home  beat  ? 
He  is  a  very  interesting  man  as  well  as  an  officer  of  the 
law ;  he  can  help  us  when  we  are  in  danger. 

Has  the  policeman  ever  been  of  personal  service  to 
any  of  you  ? 


POLICEMEN    PROTECTING    PROPERTY    RUINED 
BY  EXPLOSION  AND  FIRE 


IO 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


THE  GUARDIANS  OF  OUR  CITY 


VOCABULARY  —  THE  POLICE  DEPARTMENT 


law 

police 

warrant 

arrest 

misdemeanor 

felony 

treason 


criminal 

trial 

constable 

sheriff 

beat 

witness 

complaint 


court 

verdict 

bail 

appeal 

judgment 

execution  of  warrant 

serving  a  warrant 


OFFICIAL  TERMS   AND    DUTIES 
THE  POLICE  DEPARTMENT 

Board  of  Police :  The  officials  who  manage  the  department. 
Superintendent :  The  official  who  supervises  the  work  of  the  department 
Captain  :  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  patrolmen. 
Lieutenant :  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  routes. 
Sergeant :  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  men  on  the  routes. 
Patrolmen  :  The  officers  responsible  for  keeping  peace  in  the  city. 


A    BOARD    OF    HEALTH    STORY 

"WHEN  I  get  to  be  a  man  I  shall  be  a  doctor." 

"  I  shan't ;  I  shall  be  a  politician  and  work  for  my 
city." 

"  But  a  doctor  can  save  so  many  lives  and  make  so 
many  people  happy." 

"  Yes,  but  if  you  belong  to  the  city  government  you 
can  do  a  great  many  things  to  prevent  sickness.  My 
father  said  this  very  morning  that  the  Board  of  Health 
prevented  more  disease  than  all  the  doctors  in  the  city 
could  possibly  take  care  of,  if  there  were  not  such 
a  department." 

The  two  boys  who  were  thus  discussing  their  future 
occupations  and  their  future  usefulness  to  the  world, 

ii 


12 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


were  sitting  on  the  steps  of  the  school  porch.  The 
janitor  had  locked  the  doors,  but  the  boys  were  loiter- 
ing in  the  pleasant  warmth  of  the  October  sunshine,  soft 
and  hazy  and  shifting,  as  it  lay  aslant  the  school  garden, 
where  autumn  flowers  blossomed  gayly  because  of  the 
spring's  work  by  the  school  children. 

"  If   it   hadn't   been  for    Dr.  McDonald,  my   mother 
would     not    have    lived    through     typhoid    fever     last 

month,  Frank,  did 
you  know  that  ? 
Oh!  I  think  that 
a  fever  is  a  terrible 
thing,  don't  you?" 
"Of  course  I  do! 
But,  Bob,  think 
what  they  have 
done  at  the  health 
office  to  prevent 
typhoid  fever ! 
Your  doctor  cured 
your  mother,  and  I'm  glad,  but  remember  all  the  cases 
that  were  not  cured.  Six  hundred  patients. were  reported 
by  the  city  physician  in  three  weeks.  Father  says  no 
one  knows  how  the  epidemic  might  have  ended  if  it 
had  not  been  for  the  Board  of  Health." 

"  How  do    they  go    at    such  a  thing  down    at   your 
father's  office,  Frank  ? "  asked  Bob,  taking  out  his  knife 


A  BOARD  OF  HEALTH  LABORATORY 


A   BOARD   OF   HEALTH   STORY  13 

and  beginning  to  whittle.  "  How  can  they  find  out 
things  ? " 

Frank  was  only  too  happy  to  tell  all  he  knew  about 
his  pet  hobby.  He  tucked  himself  up  in  the  corner, 
clasped  his  hands  about  his  knees,  and  went  on. 

"Why,  Bob,  after  the  city  doctor  had  gone  over  the 
reports  of  the  practicing  physicians  and  found  that  there 
were  more  cases  of  typhoid  fever  down  in  the  park  dis- 
trict than  in  any  other  part  of  the  city,  the  chairman  of 
the  board  sent  into  that  ward  inspectors  to  find  out 
all  they  could  about  water  supply  and  drainage.  The 
plumbing  inspector  went  through  all  the  tenement  houses 
at  the  same  time.  They  found  nothing  wrong  with  the 
sewers ;  nor  did  the  experts  who  used  their  microscopes 
to  examine  the  water  in  private  wells  find  any  trace  of 
typhoid  germs.  Some  of  the  families  in  that  district  had 
used  bottled  water  bought  at  drug  stores.  Even  that  sup- 
ply was  examined  by  the  authority  of  the  board.  I  imagine 
that  all  the  time  they  were  testing  these  things  the  board 
felt  that  something  might  be  wrong  with  the  regular  city 
water  supply.  Finally  the  state  Board  of  Health  and  the 
city  board  together  decided  that  the  trouble  was  in  the 
city  water,  but  they  could  not  understand  what  had  poi- 
soned the  water  until  they  found  three  families  up  on 
'  Big  Brook '  that  had  been  suffering  from  typhoid  fever. 
Big  Brook  empties  into  the  river,  and  do  you  know, 
Bob,  those  houses  were  connected  with  the  brook  by 


14  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

drain  pipes,  and  those  awful  germs  from  the  fever  just 
slipped  along  the  brook  into  the  river  and  so  into  our 
city  reservoir !  That  was  the  way  all  this  terrible  sick- 
ness came  into  the  city.  People  were  drinking  poison 
all  the  time." 

Frank  had  become  so  excited  that  he  had  jumped  up 
and  stood  in  front  of  his  playmate,  who  in  turn  dropped 
his  knife  and  stick  as  he  listened  to  the  story. 

"  Do  you  mean,  Frank,  that  my  mother  got  her  sick- 
ness through  such  carelessness  ?  " 

"  Of  course  she  did,  Bob." 

"  Well,  what  are  they  going  to  do  about  it  at  the 
office  ?  " 

"  Oh,  they  have  done  something  already.  They  noti- 
fied the  officials,  and  then  posted  notices  everywhere, 
warning  people  to  boil  the  water  that  comes  from  the 
city  supply." 

"  But  aren't  they  going  to  do  something  ?  "  insisted  the 
boy  who  had  seen  such  suffering  in  his  own  family. 

u  Yes,  they  are  going  to  build  a  set  of  driven  wells  or 
do  some  such  thing.  What  fun  it  will  be  to  watch  the 
work  !  They  are  going  to  rebuild  the  reservoir,  too,  and 
father  thinks  that  when  this  is  done  this  city  will  have 
the  most  perfect  water-supply  system  in  the  state." 

"  That's  good,"  replied  Bob.  "  But,  Frank,  why  didn't 
people  drink  milk,  and  so  avoid  the  danger  from  poisoned 
water  ?  " 


A  BOARD  OF  HEALTH  STORY          15 

"  There  are  many  reasons  why  they  could  not,"  re- 
plied Frank.  "  There  are  not  cows  enough  in  the  state, 
to  begin  with,  to  provide  milk  for  all  the  people  of  this 
city.  And,  besides,  milk  can  carry  poison  as  well  as 
water." 

"  Why,  I  didn't  know  that  milk  carried  sickness  unless 
'it  was  sour,"  Bob  interrupted. 

"  Oh,  yes,"  the  intelligent  young  aspirant  to  the  Board 
of  Health  went  on,  sitting  down  again  to  instruct  and 
entertain  the  younger  boy.  "  Father  had  great  luck  in 
hunting  down  the  scarlet  fever  scare  over  in  the  Dowd 
Street  district.  The  board  had  made  a  map  of  the  city 
on  which  there  was  a  little  red  dot  for  every  case 
reported.  I  wish  you  could  see  that  map.  It  is  so 
interesting.  But  the 
more  dots  there  were 
the  more  puzzled  grew 
the  members  of  the 
board.  The  milkmen 
who  supplied  most  of 
the  houses  that  were 
marked  on  the  map 

with  the  red  dots  said 

.         ...  11     •    i  A  CLEAN  BARN  FOR  HEALTHY  CATTLE 

their  milk  was  all  right. 

So  father  had  the  inspector  visit  the  farms  from  which 
the  milkmen  got  their  supplies.  Sure  enough,  every 
farm  was  in  good  condition  and  all  the  farm  people  were 


i6 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


LETTING  SUNSHINE  AND  FRESH  AIR  INTO 
MILK  CANS 


clean,  healthy-looking  men  and  boys  ;  but  one  of  the 

milkmen  on  one  farm  he  forgot  to  mention.     When  my 

father  heard  of  that 
he  took  the  inspector 
of  contagious  diseases 
and  went  out  to  that 
farm.  There  he  found 
a  house  where  a  wo- 
man and  two  children 
were  just  recovering 
from  scarlet  fever." 

"Well,    Frank,"    in- 
terrupted    Bob,    with 

eyes  wide  open,    "  did  the  cows  catch  scarlet  fever  from 

them  ? " 

"  No.      The    whole 

trouble  came  from  the 

fact   that    one    of    the 

men,  who   had   had   a 

light  case  of  the  fever 

and  did  not  know  it, 

had    helped  wash  the 

milk     cans,    and     the 

scales  from  his  hands 

probably  fell  into  the  milk.     Just  that  carelessness  and 

ignorance  brought  about  all  the  sickness  and  death. 
"  Have  you  ever  been  into  the  city  laboratory  ? " 


A  WELL-CARED-FOR  Cow 


A   BOARD   OF   HEALTH   STORY  17 

"  No,  but  I  wish  I  might  go." 

"  The  milk  department  now  has  a  separate  laboratory 
for  milk  analysis.  Then  there  is  another  room  in  which 
no  work  is  done  except  that  of  testing  the  water  and  ice. 
Just  think!  They  are  very  careful  that  the  big  laboratory 
is  separated  from  the  little  ones  so  that  there  shall  be 
no  possibility  of  mistake  in  the  work.  I  like  to  look 
through  the  microscopes  and  examine  the  microbe  cul- 


A  CLOVER  PASTURE  FOR  HEALTHY  PIGS 

tures.  You  know  they  inspect  groceries  and  all  kinds  of 
food  supplies,  such  as  flour,  vinegar,  baking  powder,  and 
even  sugar.  I  can't  remember  just  how  many  pounds  a 
week  the  meat  inspectors  have  condemned  during  this 
year  as  unfit  for  food,  but  I  think  it  was  over  fifty  thou- 
sand, and  that  is  a  great  deal  for  a  city  of  this  size.  Of 
course  I  don't  know  all  the  departments  under  the  care 
of  the  Board  of  Health,  but  there  must  be  a  great  deal  of 
work  for  the  medical  inspectors.  Why,  think  of  the  care 


18 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


of  such  men  just  in  relation  to  school  children  !  When 
a  contagious  disease  is  reported  to  the  health  department 
the  case  is  assigned  immediately  to  one  of  the  inspect- 
ors. This  inspector 
has  to  go  to  the  house 
of  the  sick  child  and 
learn  how  many  chil- 
dren there  are  in  the 
family,  and  what  school 
they  attend ;  and  he 
also  has  to  examine 
the  premises  to  see  if 
any  unsanitary  condi- 
tions exist.  He  must 
disinfect  the  house 

during     the     sickness 
THE  SCHOOL  PHYSICIAN  AT  WORK  ° 

and    after  the  patient 

is  well,  and  he  has  to  see  that  other  children  who  have 
been  exposed  to  the  disease  are  ex-eluded  from  school, 
as  well  as  the  children  of  the  infected  family. 

"  These  same  inspectors,  in  our  city,  have  charge  of 
the  vaccination  certificates.  Father  says  that  a  medical 
examiner  and  the  men  working  under  the  department  of 
public  works,  where  they  have  to  investigate  plumbing 
in  private  houses  and  other  sanitary  conditions,  hold 
very  responsible  positions.  They  have  to  exercise  tact 
with  those  who  are  supposed  to  know  the  laws  of  the 


A   BOARD   OF    HEALTH   STORY  19 

health  department,  and  they  have  to  be  most  patient 
with  the  ignorant  class,  who  must  be  educated  slowly." 

"  Oh,  dear,  what  a  lot  of  knowledge  a  man  must  have 
to  hold  such  a  position ! " 

"  Yes,  Bob,  a  man  must  know  a  great  deal  if  he  is 
going  to  amount  to  anything  in  this  world.  You  like 
to  study  and  will  get  into  the  high  school,  but  I  tell 
you  it  is  just  a  'grind '  for  me  to  keep  at  my  books.  If 
I  didn't  want  to  be  a  man  worth  while  to  the  government, 
I  would  never  go  to  school  another  day." 

Bob  laughed  as  they  rose  to  leave  the  school  porch. 
"  I  guess  we  shall  both  have  to  work  like  Trojans  if  we 
are  going  to  be  men  like  our  fathers." 

"  Yes,  I  rather  think  we  shall  have  to  work  !  " 


TESTING  MILK  IN  A  BOARD  OF  HEALTH  LABORATORY 


20  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

Have  you  pupils  in  your  homes  had  to  call  upon  the 
Board  of  Health  for  actual  service  ? 

When  called  upon,  does  your  Board  of  Health  give  its 


OFFICIAL  EXAMINATION  OF  MILK  BEFORE  DELIVERY 

services  without  pay  ?  During  "  quarantine  time,"  does 
the  board  support  the  family  ? 

Why  can  the  board  fumigate  more  successfully  than 
the  private  individual  ? 

What  simple  principles  of  hygiene  and  sanitation  do 
you  already  know  which  make  it  possible  for  you  children 
to  help  the  health  department  ? 

If  there  were  a  curious  or  unwholesome  odor  inside 
or  outside  of  your  house,  ought  you  not  to  send  for  the 
Board  of  Health  ? 

If  you  knew  that  an  ignorant  person  or  foreigner  un- 
trained in  our  American  laws  and  ordinances  was  nursing 
a  case  of  diphtheria  or  scarlet  fever  in  the  tenement  or 


A  BOARD   OF   HEALTH   STORY 


21 


house  next  to  yours,  what  would  be  your  civil  duty  as 
well  as  philanthropic  one  in  such  a  case  ? 

At  what  times  of  the  year  must  the  Board  of  Health 
be  especially  on  the  alert  ? 

What  precautions  against  disease  has  your  board 
taken  recently  in  the  electric  cars,  etc.? 

What  improvements  of  methods  in  large  cities  in 
the  investigation  of  diseases  have  been  made  in  recent 
years  ? 

How  does  your  board  assist  in  weekly  or  daily  clean- 
liness in  the  home  ?  (Mention,  for  instance,  special  care 
of  refuse,  where  a  landlord's  tenants  are  careless.) 


ISOLATION  OF  CONSUMPTIVES  IN  PLEASANT,  HEALTHFUL  QUARTERS 

Think  of  the  cost  to  a  city  of  taking  care  of  all  the 
rubbish  and  refuse.  How  can  children  help  by  caring 
for  newspapers,  waste,  and  general  litter? 

In  large  cities  there  are  clubs  organized  to  help  the 


22  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

authorities ;  how  can  the  schools  help  ?  Women  serve 
in  New  York ;  how  would  it  work  everywhere  ? 

Is  there  a  movement  in  your  state  and  in  your  town  or 
city  to  build  better  tenements  ?  The  Board  of  Health 
urges  light  and  air  in  these  tenements ;  some  cities 
have  plumbing  commissioners  to  investigate  tenements  ; 
would  it  be  wise  to  have  a  state  law  to  serve  in  every 
city  and  town  ? 

Is  it  a  duty  to  vaccinate  all  the  children  ?     Why  ? 

Is  it  a  duty  to  isolate  contagious  diseases? 

Why  do  our  large  Boards  of  Health  have  laboratories 
and  spend  so  much  time  and  money  upon  experiments 
and  tests  ? 

Why  is  there  more  need  of  these  precautions  in  a  city 
than  there  is  in  a  town  or  village  ? 

What  is  done  with  all  the  refuse  and  rubbish  in  your 
town  or  city  ? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH 

inspector  infection  drainage 

experimental  station         contagion  hygiene 

tests  epidemic  plumbing 

cultures  disinfectants          sewage 

disease  microbes  rubbish  dump 

microscope  garbage  vaccine 

sanitation  germs  vaccination 


A   BOARD   OF   HEALTH    STORY  23 

OFFICIAL   TERMS   AND    DUTIES 
THE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH 

Board  of  Health  or  Commissioner  or  Agent :  This  group  of  men  or 
single  person  controls  the  finances  of  the  department,  reports  epi- 
demics and  death  lists,  issues  licenses,  grants  permits,  posts  notices, 
polices  quarantine  cases,  and  enforces  laws  and  ordinances  of  both 
municipal  and  state  Boards  of  Health. 

Assistant  Agents :  These  persons  are  appointed  by  the  board  or 
the  agent  to  help  carry  out  the  work  of  the  department  as  defined 
above. 

Plumbing  and  Sanitary  Inspectors :  The  duties  of  these  inspectors 
are  to  visit  tenements,  shops,  stables,  sheds,  vaults,  wells,  etc. ;  to 
place  notices,  to  issue  complaints,  to  investigate  private  complaints  ; 
to  seal  up  rooms  for  fumigation,  to  instruct  foreigners  in  respect  to 
sanitary  laws. 


A    FIRE    DEPARTMENT   STORY 

WERE  you  ever  inside  an  engine  house  ?  Perhaps  so, 
though  in  most  cities  the  captain  in  command  does  not 
welcome  children  to  his  orderly  engine  house.  Tommy 
Canfield's  greatest  ambition  was  to  know  just  how 
everything  was  made  ready  beforehand,  and  just  how 
everything  acted  when  the  fire  alarm  rang.  How 
proud  he  was  when  his  father  gave  him  a  note  to  the 
superintendent  of  the  fire  department  in  his  city,  which 
asked  permission  for  Tommy  to  visit  Engine  No.  7's 
House,  which  was  the  down-town  headquarters  of  the 
department ! 

The  superintendent  granted  the  request,  and  when 
the  morning  came,  Tommy  was  at  the  door  of  the  engine 
house  at  seven  o'clock.  The  captain  smiled  to  see  his 
early  visitor. 

"  You're  just  in  time,  Tommy.  I'm  the  only  man  up." 
He  took  the  little  boy  by  the  hand  as  he  passed  in 

24 


A   FIRE   DEPARTMENT  STORY  25 

front  of  the  stalls  where  the  horses  were  beginning  to 
be  restless  with  the  awakening  hour.  One  gave  a  low 
neigh  and  another  stamped.  "  They  want  their  break- 
fast," the  captain  said.  Opening  the  door  which  led 
from  the  carriage  house  to  the  chambers  above,  the 
captain  called,  "  Come,  boys,  come." 


AN  ENGINE  AT  WORK 


He  told  Tommy  to  run  up,  and  as  the  little  boy's 
head  appeared  above  the  floor,  he  saw  a  pillow  fly  from 
one  alcove  into  the  other.  Why,  that  was  the  way  his 
big  brother  Jack  sometimes  woke  him  up  at  home! 


26  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Tommy  turned  around  and  went  back  to  the  captain. 
It  seemed  but  another  moment  before  all  four  of  the 
men  who  had  so  lately  been  asleep  were  standing  before 
the  captain  for  their  orders.  The  most  remarkable  part 
of  it  was,  that  they  had  all  come  down  from  their  bed- 
rooms by  a  sliding-pole  instead  of  by  the  staircase  as 
Tommy  had.  This  long  brass  pole  passes  through  a  trap 
door  above,  and  at  the  alarm  of  fire  the  men  leap  to 
the  trap  door,  catch  hold  of  the  pole,  and  drop  almost 
instantaneously.  * 

The  captain  gave  his  orders  to  the  officer  of  the 
house.  Two  firemen  began  at  once  the  care  of  the 
horses.  The  engineer  overhauled  his  engine,  the  other 
men  changing  the  hose  and  brightening  the  brasses. 
The  driver  looked  over  his  harnesses  while  the  horses 
munched  their  breakfast.  Tommy  went  through  the 
engine  house  by  himself  while  the  work  was  going  on. 
Then  one  of  the  men  took  him  and  led  him  to  the 
apparatus  room  which  held  the  wagons  and  horses.  The 
stalls  are  so  arranged  that  when  a  bell  strikes,  the  horses 
can  come  out  instantly  and  place  themselves  on  either 
side  of  the  engine  poles.  Upstairs  over  this  room  was  a 
sitting  room,  or  recreation  hall,  with  a  pool  table  at  one 
end  and  bookcases  with  reading  tables  at  the  other. 
Young  as  Tommy  was,  he  thought  to  himself :  "  These 
men  must  know  a  great  deal.  They  have  so  many 
leisure  hours  in  which  to  read  if  they  wish  to." 


A   FIRE    DEPARTMENT   STORY  2; 

The  next  room  was  the  dormitory  where  the  little 
single  beds  were  placed,  and  where  he  had  seen  the 
pillow  flying  half  an  hour  before.  Climbing  another 
flight  of  stairs  he  found  the  storage  room  and  work- 
shop, where  the  rubber  blankets  are  dried  and  packed, 
ready  for  immediate  use.  He  remembered  hearing  his 
father  say  that  the  protective  department  had  recently 


A  PART  OF  THE  PROTECTIVE  DEPARTMENT 

saved  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  property,  when  one 
of  the  great  clothing  houses  had  caught  fire,  by  covering 
up  the  counters  so  that  the  water  from  the  hose  did  not 
wet  the  goods.  Tommy  grew  so  interested  in  the  house 
and  its  apparatus  that  he  forgot  all  about  the  active  side 
of  the  service.  The  captain  showed  him  the  little  old- 
fashioned  hand  tubs  used  years  before  and  worked  by  man 


28 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


power  before  the  horse  engine,  the  horseless  engine,  the 
water  tower,  and  the  aerial  ladder  were  ever  dreamed  of. 
He  also  showed  him  the  old  hose  reel  which  has  now 
been  supplanted  by  the  hose  wagon,  and  while  he  was 
displaying  it  remarked : 

"  A  fireman  needs  more  training  than  muscle. 
He  must  know  how  to  use  a  hammer,  an  ax,  a  rake.  He 
must  know  how  to  handle  hose,  spanners,  couplers,  and 
the  short  life  line."  And  as  he  talked,  the  captain  pointed 
to  these  various  tools  and  aids  which  hung  upon  the 

wall  near  him. 

"Now  if  you 
were  to  climb  a 
ladder,  Tommy,  ten 
to  one  you  would 
take  hold  of  it  by 
the  sides,  but  our 
experienced  fire- 
men all  learn  to 
use  the  rounds  one 
after  another,  for 
they  must  hold  on 
very  tightly  be- 
cause they  carry  the  hose  over  the  shoulder.  If  you 
tried  it,  the  hose  would  probably  bump  against  you  and 
drag  you  off  the  ladder." 

"  How  can  the  men  hear  your  orders  ?  "  asked  Tommy. 


A  DIFFICULT  FIRE  TO  SUBDUE 


A   FIRE  DEPARTMENT  STORY  29 

"  Why,  we  have  a  new  electric  system,"  the  captain 
replied.  "  It  was  first  used  in  Boston.  It  does  away 
with  the  noise  and  shouting  at  the  time  of  a  fire.  The 
hose  man  can  signal  to  the  engineer  by  pressing  a  button 
near  the  nozzle  of  the  hose.  If  a  fireman  presses  the 
button  twice,  it  means,  'Turn  on  the  water;'  three  rings 
mean,  '  Less  water ; '  five  rings,  '  Stop,'  and  so  on." 

When  the  inmates  of  Engine  No.  7's  House  had 
finished  their  work,  and  the  men  in  turn  had  been  out 
for  their  breakfasts,  Tommy  went  to  ride  with  the  driver 
when  he  exercised  his  beautiful  black  horses  up  and 
down  the  city  streets.  When  Tommy  became  so  hungry 
that  he  could  not  stay  any  longer,  he  went  home,  but  re- 
turned again  in  the  afternoon  and  visited  the  men  in  their 
reading  room,  where  some  were  chatting,,  others  writing, 
and  two  were  playing  billiards.  Three  new  call  men 
were  talking  with  the  captain.  These  call  men  do  not 
live  at  the  engine  house.  They  must  live  in  the  city, 
and  their  relation  with  the  fire  department  consists  in 
being  ready  to  leave  their  work  and  appear  at  the  engine 
house  instantly  at  the  call  of  the  fire  alarm. 

Again  Tommy  went  home  —  to  his  supper,  this  time. 
On  his  return  he  found  the  captain  going  the  rounds. 
The  lanterns  were  filled  and  burning  on  the  carriages. 
The  horses  already  seemed  to  be  asleep.  Everything  was 
in  its  place,  even  the  men  had  gone  to  bed.  The 
captain  pointed  out  to  Tommy  "  the  night  rig,"  which 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


lay  in  front  of  each  fireman's  bed,  as  he  said :  "  You 
probably  can't  dress  as  quickly  as  we  must,  Tommy. 
My  men  make  three  bounds:  one  out  of  bed,  one  into 

=1     their  clothes,  and 
til     one    down     the 
pole." 

Just  then  the 
fire-alarm  bell  rang. 
The  stall  doors 
flew  open,  and  as 
the  men  appeared 
down  the  slicling- 
pole,  the  horses 
took  their  places 
under  the  harness- 
es. The  harnesses 
were  snapped 
around  the  horses' 
bodies.  The  alarm 
box  registered 
"47."  Ten  seconds 
only  had  passed, 
when  the  driver  called  out,  "  All  aboard ! " 

Then  the  engine  and  the  hose  wagon  and  the  chem- 
icals and  trucks,  one  after  the  other,  swung  out  upon 
the  pavement,  leaving  behind  a  trail  of  smoke  and 
sparks. 


INTERIOR  OF  A  FIRE  STATION 


A   FIRE    DEPARTMENT   STORY 


Tommy  ran  full  tilt.  He  reached  the  hose  wagon 
in  time  to  see  the  men  take  out  five  hundred  feet  of 
hose.  It  was  more  exciting  to  him  than  a  three-ring 
circus.  Every  man  had  a  particular  duty  to  perform, 
and  no  time  seemed  to  be  lost.  The  firemen  on  the 
trucks  had  placed  the  ladders  in  position.  The  pipe 
man  led  the  way  with  the  play  pipe  over  his  shoulder, 
the  line  hanging  between  his  legs.  He  was  followed  by 
another  man.  Each  carried  about  twenty  feet  of  hose. 
Directly  behind  them  was  still  another  hose  man,  with  as 
much  more  hose  on  his  shoulder.  And  so  on  down  the 
ladder,  each  man  carrying  his  share,  and  keeping  up 
with  the  procession. 

Tommy  saw  the  pipe  man  enter  a  window,  and  noticed 
that  the  hose  man  stayed  behind  to  fasten  the  line. 
Then  the  men  used 
a  ladder  strap  and 
strapped  the  hose 
to  the  ladder.  But 
the  flames  seemed 
to  be  raging  even 
higher  than  the 
extension  ladder 
could  reach.  He 
breathlessly  watched 
the  fireman  push  up  a  long  wooden  pole  with  huge  hooks 
at  one  end.  The  pole  had  cross  pieces  and  was  strapped 


AN  ENGINE  WITH  HOSE  PIPES  READY  FOR 
WORK 


32  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

with  iron.  One  of  the  firemen  from  Engine  No.  7*8 
House  made  the  first  ascent.  He  wore  a  broad,  firm 
life-belt,  with  large  buckles,  which  fitted  him  closely 
around  the  waist.  A  moment  later,  the  fireman  attached 
the  big  hook  of  his  life-belt  to  the  end  of  the  scaling 
ladder,  as  the  pole  is  called,  and  began  the  work  of 
pulling  up  the  extension  ladder,  which  he  attached 
to  the  top  window  sill.  Then  he  disappeared  through 
the  window.  A  shout  went  up  from  the  people  at 
the  brave  deed,  for  now  the  inmates  of  the  seventh 
story  would  be  saved.  All  the  time  that  Tommy  had 
been  watching  his  new  friend  of  the  fire  house,  he  had 
heard  the  chief  giving  his  orders,  and  had  noted  the 
quick  manner  in  which  his  commands  were  obeyed. 
Near-by  buildings  had  to  be  protected,  as  well  as  the 
goods  in  the  shops  in  the  lower  story.  Fresh  hose  had 
to  be  laid,  while  torrents  of  water  poured  forth  in  all 
directions. 

But  Tommy  Canfield's  eyes  were  glued  to  the  seventh- 
story  window  where  Dan  Olney  had  climbed.  A  woman 
next  to  Tommy  was  moaning  and  crying  in  her  sym- 
pathy at  the  thought  that  the  brave  fireman  might 
never  come  back.  But  Tom  had  a  stout  little  heart. 
He  had  been  living  all  day  with  firemen.  He  knew 
their  pluck.  Yes,  he  was  right;  there  was  Dan,  and 
in  his  arms  were  two  children.  The  older,  a  boy,  he 
dropped  into  the  arms  of  a  fellow  fireman,  but  the  curly- 


A   FIRE   DEPARTMENT   STORY  33 

haired  little  girl  he  hugged  tightly  with  one  arm,  as  he 
began  his  descent  to  the  ground.  Tommy  felt  that  he 
had  a  real  hero  for  a  friend  in  Dan  Olney.  He  seemed 

more    alive    than    the     , , 

Greek  heroes  he  read 
about  at  school.  He 
half  wished  there  was 
a  crown  of  ivy  leaves 
to  place  on  Dan's  head, 
but  he  did  not  say 
anything  about  it.  He 
just  watched  what 
would  happen.  The 
crowd  shouted  again 
and  surged  forward, 
but  the  police  forced 
it  back.  Then  Dan 
handed  the  little  girl 

to  a  woman  at  the  foot 

QUICK  WORK  AT  A  BIG  FIRE 

of   the   ladder.     Some 

one  gave  him  water  to  drink.  He  took  off  his  fireman's 
hat,  and  wiped  his  face  with  a  wet  handkerchief.  Then 
he  stepped  into  line  with  the  other  firemen  who  were 
carrying  the  hose.  Yes,  Tommy  decided  that  the 
heroes  of  to-day  do  not  stop  to  think  that  they  are  heroes. 
They  are  too  busy  just  doing  their  duty. 

When  the  fire  was  over,  three  hours  later,  Tommy 


34 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


was  back  at  the  engine  house,  for  the  captain  had  told 
him  to  come  and  see  the  "  house-cleaning."  He  found 
his  hero,  Dan,  and  all  the  other  men  hard  at  work.  The 

horses  must  be 
properly  cared 
for,  the  hose 
taken  out  and 
hung  up  in  the 
drying  tower,  a 
new  hose  folded 
and  put  in  its 
place,  the  en- 
gine cleaned 
and  polished, 
rubber  blankets 
carried  to  the  storeroom  for  drying,  and  everybody  must 
be  ready  for  another  alarm  if  it  should  come.  When 
the  work  was  done,  and  the  clerk  sat  down  to  write 
out  his  report  for  the  chief,  Tommy  decided  it  was  time 
for  him  to  go  home.  After  he  had  thanked  the  captain 
for  his  kindness  and  started  to  go  out,  he  slipped  back 
and  whispered  in  the  captain's  ear,  "  I  wish  you'd  tell 
the  firemen  that  I  think  they're  great,  and  that  Dan 
Olney  was  a  hero." 

How  would  you  notify  the  fire  department  if  your 
own  house  was  in  danger? 


SUBDUING  THE  LAST  FLAMES  AMONG  THE  RUINS 

OF   A    P'IRE 


A   FIRE    DEPARTMENT   STORY 


35 


What  would  you  do  if  your  neighbor's  house  was  on 
fire? 

If  living  in  the  country,  how  can  the  people  at  large 
form  themselves  into  a  protective  department  ? 

Do  you  know  how  to  use  "pony  extinguishers,"  or 
other  chemical  house-protective  furnishings  ? 

Have  you  a  fire  drill  in  your  school  system? 


A   FlRESHIP   SAVING    BUILDINGS   ON   A   WHARF 

Ought  there  not  to  be  a  special  punishment  for  boys 
who  set  brush  fires  that  menace  life  and  harm  property? 

What  particular  precautions  should  be  taken  in  thickly 
settled  tenement  districts? 

How  can  the  children  help  ? 

How  do  the  police  act  in  connection  with  the  fire 
department  ?  Why  is  there  need  of  this  cooperation  ? 


36  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Are  there  any  horses  in  your  town  famous  for  bravery 
at  fires  ? 

Are  there  any  firemen  whom  you  call  special  heroes  ? 

Is  the  fire  net  ever  used  in  your  city  ? 

Has  the  Carnegie  fund  ever  been  used  for  deeds  of 
bravery  at  fires  ? 

Is  there  any  "  Fireman's  Day  "  in  your  town  or  city  ? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  FIRE  DEPARTMENT 

apparatus  engine  steamer 

alarms  aerial  ladder 

hose  carriage  extension  ladder 

chemicals  trucks 

hook-and-ladder  wagon  hydrant 

water  tower  supply  wagons 

call  men  fire  commissioners 

protective  wagons  engineer  of  the  department 

OFFICIAL   TERMS   AND   DUTIES 

THE  FIRE  DEPARTMENT 

Chief  Engineer :  The  chief  has  the  oversight  of  the  whole  force  after 
its  appointment.  He  has  sole  command  at  a  fire. 

Assistants :  These  persons  may  assume  the  chief's  duties  if  neces- 
sary. 

Force  of  the  Fire  Department :  The  permanent  men  must  live  at  the 
fire  house.  They  include  captains  of  companies,  lieutenants,  drivers, 


A   FIRE   DEPARTMENT  STORY 


37 


hose  men,  etc.  The  call  men,  who  live  at  their  own  homes,  must 
attend  all  fires. 

Captain:  This  officer  has  control  of  his  company  and  has  over- 
sight of  his  hose  house.  He  keeps  a  record  of  the  fires. 

Lieutenant:  This  officer  stands  next  in  command  to  the  captain 
and  assists  him  in  his  control  and  oversight. 

Drivers :  These  officials  have  the  care  of  the  horses,  stables,  har- 
nesses, and  they  are  responsible  for  damages.  They  often  act  as 
clerks,  keeping  the  roll  call  of  the  company. 


A   STREET    DEPARTMENT   STORY 

TOMMY  HART  had  been  ill  for  a  week  and  could  not 
go  to  school.  At  first  he  found  that  it  was  rather  pleas- 
ant, staying  at  home  with  no  lessons  to  think  about,  and 
with  no  competition  in  boy  games.  But  a  morning 
came  when  he  was  quite  well  again,  and  very  earnest  in 
spirit  to  get  back  to  boys  in  the  schoolroom.  It  was 
then  that  the  big  blizzard  from  the  West  arrived  in 
Hamptown,  and  Tommy's  mother  did  not  dare  to  let 
him  venture  forth  for  the  first  time  after  an  illness. 
Every  other  boy  he  knew  could  go  out  and  fight  the 
storm,  but  he,  poor  fellow,  had  to  stay  indoors  and 
simply  watch  snowflakes  battle  with  the  wind.  This 
was  a  restless  occupation  for  a  boy  of  fourteen.  He 
longed  to  shovel  a  path  through  the  great  drifts,  already 
piling  up  in  his  own  short  street ;  and  he  envied  his 


A   STREET   DEPARTMENT  STORY 


39 


father,  as  he  saw  him  getting  ready  to  start  out  on  foot 
to  walk  to  his  down-town  office,  since  no  electric  cars 
had  yet  made  their  way  through  the  thoroughfare. 

"  Here's  the 
report  of  the 
street  depart- 
ment, Tom," 
his  father  said, 
as  he  was  about 
to  leave  the 
house ;  "it  may 
be  dry  as  a  re- 
port, but  think 
how  you  would 
like  to  be  in  the 
city  office  this 
morning  and  be 
responsible  for  keeping  traffic  open  in  the  face  of  this 
storm ! " 

The  door  shut,  and  Mr.  Hart  waded  out  .into  the 
unbroken  drifts,  while  Tom  stood  at  the  window,  watch- 
ing. His  father's  words  made  him  think.  Sure  enough, 
Mr.  Bemis,  the  superintendent  of  streets,  would  have 
his  hands  full.  How  could  he  handle  it  —  this  avalanche 
of  snow,  this  soft  fluffy  whirlwind  which  scudded  in  and 
out  of  every  alleyway,  all  the  time  piling  itself  high 
along  open  streets  and  boulevards? 


AFTER  A  BIG  BLIZZARD 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


Tom  opened  the  report,  but  turned  his  eyes  every  now 
and  then  to  the  street  itself;  something  might  happen 
and  he  must  see.  He  read  with  interest  the  amount  of 

money  appropri- 
ated for  care  of  the 
streets,  and  with 
surprise  noticed 
how  many  things 
were  included  in 
the  expenditure. 
What  a  long  list 
of  horses,  snow- 
plows,  scrapers, 
shovels,  and  hoes 
the  department  had 
to  own  to  keep 
itself  in  running 
order !  What  large 
sums  of  money 
were  spent  upon 
the  repair  of  high- 
ways !  He  noted 

the  number  of  streets  that  were  graded,  pavements  laid, 
and  crossings  and  curbings  built.  He  found  new  streets 
of  which  he  had  never  heard  before;  and  one  favorite 
old  roadway,  where  he  had  played  for  years  and  in  winter 
hooked  on  to  pungs,  had  been  set  aside  for  a  new  street 


DAMAGE  DONE  BY  A  BLIZZARD 


A   STREET   DEPARTMENT   STORY 


It  quite  grieved  him  to  find  that  Huckleberry  Turnpike 
was  to  be  macadamized.  He  remembered  the  good  times 
he  had  had  there  with  the  other  boys  hunting 
for  turtles  in  April,  when  water  stood  knee-deep 
on  either  side  of  the  rough  road.  It  was  for  the 
children  the  one  bit  of  country  in  the  whole 
city  where  a  tangle  of  flowers  and  weeds 
and  huckleberry  bushes  made  a  play- 
ground all  summer  long. 

His   eye   next  fell    upon  the  item 
about    the    cost    of    moving   snow  — 
$17,836.03.     He  had  no  idea  that  the 
four  months  of  winter  could  cost  like 
that.     In  the  single  month  of  Febru- 
ary, 1902,  the  city  had  spent  $7321.62, 
and  yet  all  the  snows  of  that  month 
did  not  begin  to  equal  the  snow  already  fallen  in  the 
same  month  this  year.     This  very  blizzard  would  make 
a  big  account  for  the  next  report. 

"  Why,  mother,"  said  Tommy, "  I  have  found  out  more 
from  this  office  report  than  I  could  from  a  school  book 
in  a  week.  I  don't  think  text-books  tell  real  things." 

The  wise  mother  did  not  agree  with  her  boy's  sweep- 
ing statement ;  but  she  suggested  that  he  play  that  he 
was  Superintendent  Bemis,  and  that  he  had  men  under 
him  ready  to  take  orders  to  clear  the  city  of  the  great 
snowfall. 


42  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  Make  plans  of  just  what  you  would  do,  and  estimate 
fully  how  much  it  would  cost.  It  will  interest  your  father 
when  he  comes  home." 


READY  FOR  SANITATION  WORK 

Tommy  kept  busy  all  day.  He  made  out  one  plan 
which  seemed  satisfactory;  then  he  thought  of  one  still 
better  and  more  economical.  Later  he  thought  of  new 
ways  to  save  money.  You  see  Tommy  had  watched  the 
city  workmen  many  times,  but  he  had  never  thought 
much  about  the  work.  Now  he  was  really  thinking. 
As  he  wrote,  he  looked  out  and  saw  the  great  car  plows 
pushing  their  way  through  the  snow-covered  tracks. 
This  suggested  something  to  him.  Again  he  saw  a 
gang  of  men  at  work  near  his  own  street:  a  hydrant 
had  frozen,  and  the  water  department  had  been  noti- 


A   STREET   DEPARTMENT   STORY 


43 


fied.  The  men  at  work  were  trying  to  get  below  the 
snowdrifts,  in  order  to  prevent  an  overflow  which 
might  prove  disastrous  to  the  cellars  of  houses  near 
the  hydrant. 

When  Mr.  Hart  came  home  in  the  afternoon  Tom's 
estimates  interested  him  greatly.  Together  they  talked 
over  what  must  happen  in  the  following  few  days. 
There  would  be  such  a  volume  of  snow  piled  up  by  the 
car  plows  that  no  one  could  drive  across  the  streets 
without  risk.  Men  must  cart  away  the  snow  and  level 
what  was  left  into  a  compact  roadway.  Where  was  the  city 


AFTER  A  BIG  STORM 


to  dump  the  surplus,  and  how  was  it  to  be  dumped  ? 
There  were  other  things  to  think  of,  also,  as  Tom  soon 
found.  Probably,  with  the  stiff  wind  that  was  blowing, 
the  snow  would  freeze,  and  sand  men  would  be  necessary 


44 


LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


to  protect  pavements  and  crossings.  Mr.  Hart  had 
noticed,  too,  what  Tom  could  not  see  because  he  was 
housed :  that  upon  the  city  buildings  men  were  at 
work  shoveling  off  the  great  heaps  of  snow  which  had 
accumulated  on  the  roofs  during  the  storm.  This  was 
another  expense  necessary  to  save  the  city  from  fur- 


SUMMER    TIME   AND   THE    STREET-WATERING    CART 

ther  trouble  and  expenditure  because  of  leakage  in  its 
great  buildings. 

When  bedtime  came,  and  Tom's  estimate  and  plans 
were  still  unfinished,  his  father  said :  "  You  keep  that 
report,  Tom.  You've  done  well.  Next  week,  after  the 
city  work  has  lightened  a  bit,  and  Mr.  Bemis  is  not  so 
hard  pressed,  we'll  show  him  your  plan,  and  ask  him 
how  far  you  have  solved  the  problem  as  he  faces  it,  and 
where  you  have  missed  it.  I  think  your  report  has 


A   STREET   DEPARTMENT   STORY 


45 


fairly  covered  the  ground,  but  you  have  forgotten  some 
things.  How  about  storm  guards  ?  The  report  includes 
an  item  of  #48.32.  What  do  you  suppose  that  means  ?  " 

Tom  laughed.     "  Don't,  father,  my  head  is  bursting 
with  knowledge  and  ideas  already.     I've  had  a  great  day 


A  STREET-FLUSHING  MACHINE 

in  spite  of  the  weather.  I'm  a  regular  superintendent 
of  streets,  even  if  I  have  not  remembered  storm  guards." 
Tom  went  to  bed  with  his  civil  government  text- 
book and  the  city  street  department  report  under  his 
arm,  and  a  brain  full  of  his  own  notions  regarding  the 


46 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


welfare  of  a  large  city  during  a  blizzard.  Out  of  Tom's 
experience  during  the  great  snowstorm  of  1893  his  inter- 
est in  the  street  department  became  very  vital.  He 
watched  the  spring  work  of  the  department  with  equal 
interest,  and  wherever  city  engineering  or  constructive 


BEGINNING  THE  SPRING  WORK 

work  was  being  undertaken  by  Mr.  Bemis  and  his  work- 
men, there  one  was  sure  to  find  Tommy  in  his  hours  of 
leisure.  He  had  learned  that  the  streets  belong  to  the 
public  and  are  never  turned  over  to  any  one  else  for 
any  purpose  whatsoever.  The  work  of  the  water, 
lighting,  and  sewerage  departments,  he  discovered,  was 


A   STREET    DEPARTMENT   STORY 


47 


under  the  supervision  of  the  street  superintendent.  He 
wondered  why  at  first,  but  he  soon  realized  that  the 
cooperation  of  these  different  departments  was  for  the 
public  good.  In  fact,  he  found  that  wherever  streets 
were  being  turned  up  for  the  purpose  of  burying  .pipes 
or  electric  wires  or  great  aqueducts,  the  work  was  so 
arranged  as  to  interrupt  traffic  as  little  as  possible. 
He  also  found  that  the  Board  of  Health  and  the  street 


FINISHING  THE  WORK  BEGUN  BY  THE  SWEEPING  MACHINE 

department  were  constantly  working  together  in  order 
that  the  thoroughfares  should  not  only  be  kept  clean 
for  the  -sake  of  orderliness,  but  for  sanitary  reasons. 
He  liked  to  watch  the  "  city  scavengers,"  as  the  street- 
men  in  his  city  were  called,  take  care  of  waste  paper 
and  rubbish  that  had  blown  through  the  highways 
and  alleys  during  the  night.  Once  he  begged  a  ride 
on  the  street  sweeper;  and  he  often  carried  on  con- 


48 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


versations  with  the  driver  of  the  watering  cart,  who 
kept  the  streets  wet  and  cool  during  the  long  summer 
time.  Tom's  interest  grew  so  real  that  he  knows  now 
what  he  is  going  to  do  when  he  is  through  the  high 
school.  He  means  to  go  to  some  school  of  technology 


THE  STREET  DEPARTMENT  FLUSHING  THE  PAVEMENTS  WITH  WATER 

TO    ASSIST    THE    BOARD   OF    HEALTH   IN    SANITATION 

to  study  engineering,  and  he  hopes  to  be  the  engineer  of 
a  great  growing  city. 

How  are  the  road  commissioners  in  the  country  and 
the  street  department  in  the  city  elected  ? 

What  are  the  first  steps  taken  in  the  spring  by  the 
street  department  of  your  town  or  city  ? 

Where  there  is  no  park  system,  how  are  public  lands 
taken  care  of? 


A  STREET  DEPARTMENT  STORY         49 

Does  your  city  or  town  water  the  streets  through  the 
department  of  streets,  or  through  the  water  department, 
or  by  the  cooperation  of  both  ? 

If  a  hydrant  should  burst  in  front  of  your  house, 
whom  would  you  notify  by  telephone  of  the  same  ? 

How  far  does  the  Board  of  Health  assist  the  street 
department,  for  instance,  in  relation  to  ashes  and 
refuse? 


FILLING  A  DUMPER  FROM  A  BRIDGE 

In  great  cities  the  street  department  can,  with  large 
forces,  keep  the  streets  comparatively  clean  by  caring 
for  them  at  night  when  the  citizens  are  asleep;  but  in 
smaller  towns  the  forces  are  smaller.  How  can  the 
boys  and  girls  of  small  towns  aid  the  street  department 
in  helping  to  make  the  streets  beautiful? 

In  making  a  new  street,  what  action  must  first 
take  place  to  legalize  the  opening  of  such  ?  Also,  what 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


EMPTYING  AN  ASH  WAGON 


THE  DUMPER  WHICH  RECEIVES  THE  ASHES 


material  steps  are 
taken  in  the  pro- 
cess of  building  ? 

What  new  street 
machinery  has  been 
developed  for  our 
large  cities?  What 
inventions  help  the 
county  road  com- 
missioner ? 

If  there  are  trol- 
leys in  your  city  or 
town,  where  do  the 
street  department 
and  trolley  corpora- 
tions have  to  co- 
operate ? 

What  relation 
to  municipal  af- 
fairs do  the  county 
road  commissioners 
hold  ? 

Have  we  State 
roads  ?  How  are 
these  public  high- 
ways built?  How 
cared  for? 


A   STREET   DEPARTMENT   STOR^ 


VOCABULARY  —  THE  STREET  DEPARTMENT 


contract 

construction 

hydraulics 

sewer  maintenance 

watering  depart- 
ment 

pavement 

asphalt  pavement 

brick  pavement 

cinder  pavement 

concrete  pavement 

macadamized  pave- 
ment 

bituminous  macadam 

edge  stones 

crossings 

catch  basins 

sewerage 

conduit 

gutter 

aqueduct 

street  roller 

grades 

repairs 


DUMPING  AT  SEA 


boulevards 
derricks 
jiggers 

drilling  spoons 
steam  drills 
exploders 
dirt  scrapers 
stone  crushers 
draught  horses 
hydrants 
sewer 


scavengers 

highway 

alley 

technology 

sanitation 

storm  guards 

thoroughfares 

public  safety 

rubbish 

refuse 

dumper 


52  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

OFFICIAL   TERMS   AND   DUTIES 
THE   STREET  DEPARTMENT 

Superintendent  of  Streets :  This  official  has  general  oversight  not 
only  of  the  work  of  the  street  department,  but  of  all  relationship 
which  this  department  has  to  other  municipal  works,  such  as  the 
sewerage,  water  works,  gas,  etc. 

Assistant  Superintendents :  These  officials  of  the  department 
have  charge  of  sections  of  the  street  department  and  in  addition  are 
often  appointed  to  oversee  the  work  of  sewerage,  city  street  watering, 
and  similar  municipal  work. 

Street  Committee :  A  committee  of  aldermen  and  councilmen 
which  is  often  appointed  to  oversee  the  work  of  the  street  depart- 
ment. 

City  Engineer  and  his  Assistants :  These  officials  make  surveys 
and  estimates  for  new  constructions  and  for  reconstructions  in  both 
street  and  sewer  departments. 

The  Duties  of  the  Departments  are  cleaning  streets  and  back  alleys, 
and  watering  streets  ;  the  construction  and  supervision  of  new  streets  ; 
the  care  of  city  laborers  and  all  employees  ;  relationship  with  "  labor 
unions  " ;  meeting  emergency  cases,  such  as  blizzards,  floods,  ice 
storms  ;  and  cooperating  with  the  health  department  in  times  of 
epidemics. 


A   SCHOOL   SYSTEM   STORY 

THE  truant  officer  had  not  visited  the  Horace  Mann 
School  once  during  the  spring  term.  It  happened  in  this 
way.  One  morning  in  early  April  Miss  Howe  said, 
"  Spring  is  here !  I  can  see  it  and  feel  it  and  smell  it, 

5 1  •}    " 

can  t  you  r 

"Yes,"  a  little  girl  said,  without  even  raising  her  hand; 
"  and  I  can  hear  it,  too." 

"  So  you  can,  Kitty,"  responded  the  teacher.  "  The 
birds  are  coming  back  every  day." 

Just  then  John  Wilson,  a  big  boy  in  the  back  seat, 
whispered  to  another  boy,  "  I'll  play  '  hookey  '  this  after- 
noon, if  you  will." 

Miss  Howe  knew  by  the  boy's  lips  what  he  had  whis- 
pered, but  she  was  wise ;  she  did  not  call  upon  him  at 

53 


54 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


once.  She  continued  to  speak  of  nature  and  the  inter- 
est the  children  take  in  the  coming  back  of  all  the  beau- 
tiful things  which  mean  spring.  Presently  she  said, 
"  Pd  like  to  play  truant  this  afternoon,  myself,  but  you 
see  I  can't  any  more  than  you  boys  and  girls  can." 

Up  went  John's  hand  —  John  had  been  the  very  boy 


A  MODERN  SCHOOLROOM 

who  had  whispered.     "  Why  can't  you  play  truant,  Miss 
Howe,  if  you  want  to  ?  "  he  asked. 

"  Because,  John,  it  would  not  be  fair  to  you  or  to  your 
father,  or  to  the  other  children's  fathers.  You  see,  the 
citizens  of  this  city  own  these  school  buildings  and  sup- 
port the  school  system,  in  order  that  you  children  may 
come  here  and  learn  about  things.  You  would  feel  very 
sorry  if  there  were  no  schools,  but  if  you  and  I  played 
truant  often,  and  if  others  should  acquire  the  habit,  the 
city  might  have  to  shut  up  the  schools.  That  would  be 


A   SCHOOL  SYSTEM   STORY 


55 


very  unfortunate  because,  even  on  a  day  like  this,  some 
children  might  like  to  come  here ;  so  we  teachers  have 
to  come,  too,  and  all  work  together.  Moreover,  the 
truant  breaks  into  his  lessons,  loses  his  place  in  the 
class,  and  becomes  careless  about  everything." 


A  PRIMARY  CLASS  IN  HISTORY 

Just  before  the  close  of  school  that  morning,  Miss 
Howe  asked  the  children  if  they  would  like  to  have  her 
tell  them  about  the  public  school  system  that  afternoon, 
and  to  follow  the  talk  with  a  walk  to  some  of  the  other 
school  buildings  in  the  city. 

There  was  a  pleasant  chorus  of  "  yeses  "  and  a  great 
many  nods  from  the  children.  When  afternoon  came 


LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


every  boy  and  girl  was  there,  even  John.  He  had  really 
become  interested,  and  was  eager  to  know  how  he 
"  owned  the  school "  and  how  he  was  a  part  of  the 
"system  of  education." 

Miss  Howe  was  a  favorite  with  the  children.  She 
knew  how  to  tell  stories  and  draw  pretty  pictures  on  the 

blackboard,  and  she  always  re- 
membered that  she,  too,  had  once 
been  a  little  child.  Lessons  were 
over  that  afternoon  a  half  hour 
earlier  than  usual,  and  each  boy 
and  girl  was  ready  to  listen  to 
her  story. 

This  is  what  she  told  them. 
"  It   costs   an    average    of   $30 
every  year  to  send  each   of  you 
pupils  to    school.      I    mean    that 
when  all  the  expenses  in  all  the 

schoolhouses  are  taken  into  account,  it  costs  the  city 
$450,000;  last  year  we  had  a  roll  of  15,000  children. 

"  I  wish  you  would  put  that  example  in  arithmetic  on 
the  board,  Johnny,  so  that  we  can  see  just  how  it  will  look." 
Johnny  quickly  put  the    multiplication  work   on    the 
board,  and  the  sum  $450,000  stood  out  in  bold  relief. 

"  Now,  we  will  leave  the  example  for  a  moment  and 
think  of  the  organization  of  the  school  system.  We 
have  a  School  Board,  as  you  know,  of  nine  members, 


A   SCHOOL   SYSTEM    STORY 


57 


and  a  superintendent  of  schools.  There  are  so  many 
things  to  think  of  that  this  big  committee  is  divided  into 
little  committees.  One  group  of  men  decides  the  choice 
of  teachers  and  the  salaries  to  be  paid.  Another  looks 


A  CITY  SCHOOLHOUSE 

out  for  the  schoolhouses  and  sanitation.  Another  has 
charge  of  the  books  and  supplies." 

At  this  point  one  of  the  children  asked  if  the  truant 
officers  belonged  to  the  standing  committees. 

"  No,  in  our  city  the  truant  officers,  or  commissioners, 
are  a  separate  body  of  men,  but  they  are  appointed 
and  paid  for  by  the  School  Board. 


58  ,      LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

"  Then  there  are  other  committees,"  Miss  Howe  con- 
tinued, "that  report  on  music  and  drawing,  and  still 
others  that  have  charge  of  the  accounts,  and  of  the 
rules  and  regulations.  The  members  of  our  School 
Board  receive  no  salary,  and  when  you  think  that 
some  of  the  standing  committees  have  at  least  fifty 


A  CLASS  IN  BASKET-WEAVING  AT  A  SUMMER  SCHOOL 

meetings  a  year  in  order  to  carry  on  the  work,  you  must 
agree  with  me  in  thinking  these  men  very  generous 
with  their  time  to  serve  their  city  so  faithfully. 

"  The  superintendent  of  schools,  however,  receives  a 
salary,  just  as  all  the  teachers  receive  pay,  because  his 
work  is  a  daily  one  and  he  has  no  other  profession. 
Perhaps  you  would  like  to  know  how  some  of  the  city 
money  is  expended  upon  the  schools  ?  " 

Again  came  a  chorus  of  "yeses." 

"I  have  already  told  you  that  there  are  15,000  chil- 
dren, between  five  and  fifteen  years  of  age.  Right 


A   SCHOOL   SYSTEM   STORY 


59 


here  in  our  ward  there  are  1407  children  in  the  three 
school  buildings  under  Mr.  Allen's  special  supervision. 
We  number  640  pupils  in  this  building,  you  know." 

"  Has  any  other  ward  as  many  buildings  as  we  have, 
Miss  Howe  ?  "  asked  one  of  the  girls. 

"Yes,  Mary,  in  ward  six  there  are  five  school  build- 
ings with  over  2000  children.  When  we  count  all  the 


A  VACATION  SCHOOL  PLAYGROUND 

public  school  buildings,  we  find  fifty-three  belonging 
to  our  school  system,  and  in  these  are  employed  300 
teachers." 

"  Do  those  include  the  evening  schools  ?  "  asked  one 
of  the  older  girls  whose  sister  taught  in  such  a  school. 

"  No,  there  are  190  other  teachers  who  have  charge  of 
the  night  instruction.  Now,  I  should  like  to  have  John 


6o 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


go  to  the  board  again  and  make  a  list  of  what  we  think 
are  necessary  school  supplies  for  a  well-equipped  room. 
Kitty,  what  shall  we  put  down  first  ? " 
"  Text-books." 
"  Yes." 

"Writing  books  and  drawing  books,"  added  another. 
"  And  drawing  materials,"  a  third  girl  suggested. 
"  Reference  books,"  some  one  else  remembered.     And 

then  the  replies  came 
more  slowly. 

Miss  Howe  re- 
minded them  of  the 
fuel,  water,  and  gas 
bills  that  must  be 
paid ;  of  the  repairs 
on  old  furniture  and 
the  need  of  new,  and 
just  there  she  stopped 
and  pointed  to  the 
window  shades  that 
were  new  that  spring. 

"  That  reminds  me,"  she  said  pleasantly,  "that  it  has 
cost  the  city  #2000  to  put  these  green  shades  into  every 
school.  And  do  you  know  why  they  bought  green 
instead  of  yellow  shades  ?  " 

It  happened  that  Mary  Andrews  knew.  "  Because 
green  shades  make  the  light  softer  for  the  eyes,"  she  said. 


A  CITY  PLAYGROUND 


A  SCHOOL  SYSTEM   STORY 


61 


So  they  went  on,  counting  the  cost  of  the  supplies 
necessary  to  equip  a  schoolroom.  They  even  remem- 
bered the  scissors  and  cloth  for  the  sewing  classes, 
and  the  raw  materials 
which  went  into  use 
during  the  cooking- 
class  hours. 

"  How  much  will  it 
cost  to  build  the 
new  Schuyler  Avenue 
schoolhouse?"  Johnny 
asked,  after  he  had 
finished  writing  his 
list  upon  the  black- 
board. 

"  I'm  glad  you  asked  that.  How  much  do  you  think 
such  a  building  ought  to  cost? " 

"  Our  new  house  cost  #5000,"  another  boy  ventured. 

"  That's  a  good  deal  for  a  house,  Charlie,"  Miss  Howe 
replied,  "  but  a  school  building  is  so  much  larger,  and 
it  must  be  built  for  so  much  more  wear  and  tear, 
that  Johnny  will  have  to  think  of  a  sum  larger  than 
$5000." 

"  I  guess  $50,000,"  Johnny  said,  sitting  down  in  the 
back  seat  with  quite  the  air  of  a  business  man. 

"  Even  more  than  that,"  Miss  Howe  continued.  "  The 
city  has  appropriated  $120,000  for  the,  building  alone. 


ON  THE  SEESAWS 


62 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


It  is  to  be  fireproof,  and  the  only  woodwork  in  the 
schoolrooms  will  be  the  desks,  chairs,  and  the  trimming 
of  doors  and  windows." 

"  Is  this  building  fireproof  ? "  asked  a  boy. 

"  No,  this  is  one  of  the  oldest  buildings  in  the  city, 
and  that  is  why  we  have  to  be  so  very,  very  careful  to 


A  SCHOOL  GARDEN  IN  A  BIG  CITY  (PHILADEPHIA) 
(Under  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Public  Education) 

practice  the  fire  drill.  I  think  you  are  marching  better 
than  usual  this  year.  Perhaps  it  is  because  Mr.  Allen 
came  and  explained  to  you  so  carefully  the  need  of  order 
and  quickness  in  moving  out  of  the  building." 

A  moment  later  Miss  Howe  continued : 

"  When  I  think  how  much  your  fathers  are  doing, 
as  citizens,  to  make  your  school  days  happy,  and  when 


A   SCHOOL   SYSTEM,  STORY  63 

I  stop  to  think  that  this  very  school  building  is  public 
property  and  belongs  to  you  and  to  me  to  enjoy  and 
be  proud  of,  I  can't  see  how  any  children  could  want 
to  mutilate  or  harm  their  desks,  or  destroy  the  flowers  in 
the  window  boxes,  or  injure  the  text-books.  I  am  glad 
that  there  is  a  place  like  our  County  Truant  School 


DINING  ROOM  AT  A  TRUANT  SCHOOL 

where  careless  and  destructive  boys  can  be  helped  to 
reform.  You  see,  the  boy  who  is  not  proud  of  his 
schoolroom  is  more  likely  to  become  a  habitual  truant.5' 

Miss  Howe  then  asked,  "  Have  you  children  ever  been 
to  our  County  Truant  School  to  visit  the  grounds  ?" 

As  no  one  had,  Miss  Howe  described  the  beautiful 
country  place  where  the  superintendent  carries  out  his 
noble  ideals  of  a  reform  school.  There  boys  who  have  no 


64  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

kindly  home  influences  and  who  become  unmanageable 
are  helped  to  grow  better  in  character.  She  told  them 
of  the  home  life,  the  industrial  shops,  the  little  farms,  and 
the  boys'  brass  band  in  such  glowing  terms  that,  for  a 
moment,  one  might  have  felt  the  Truant  School  to  be 
an  enviable  home  for  every  boy  and  girl.  But  when 


BEDROOM  IN  A  TRUANT  SCHOOL 

she  had  finished  her  description  of  this  model  institu- 
tion, she  ended  her  afternoon's  story  of  public  instruction 
by  saying: 

"  But  just  as  your  fathers  would  rather  be  citizens, 
paying  their  taxes  in  a  city  and  leading  good,  honest, 
hard-working  lives,  than  be  supported  at  public  cost  in 
the  most  beautiful  charitable  institution  in  the  country, 
so  I  am  sure  you  boys  and  girls  would  rather  be  hard 


A  SCHOOL  SYSJEM   STORY 


at  work  here  in  this  schoolroom,  which,  you  yourselves 
own,  even  if  you  do  have  to  be  punctual   and  orderly 
and      attentive,      than     to 
become     tenants     of     the 
County     Truant      School. 
Now,  wouldn't  you  ?  " 

And  every  child  said, 
"Oh,  yes!"  and  John's 
"Yes."  was  the  loudest. 

Then  came  the  promised 
walk,  and  the  afternoon 
was  so  pleasant,  with  the 
longer  spring  twilight,  that 
they  kept  on  to  Schuyler 
Avenue  where  the  new 
fireproof  school  building 
was  being  erected.  It 
looked,  the  children 
thought,  like  a  great 
skeleton  of  steel  frames  THE  "FIRST  CROP"  FROM  A  PHILA- 

.  . 

and  cross  bars. 

This  story  of  the  public 
school  system  made  an 

impression  upon  the  children,  Miss  Howe  thought. 
At  all  events  the  truant  officers  did  not  visit  the 
Horace  Mann  School  once  during  the  spring  term, 
and  the  boys  and  girls  of  that  class  realized  more  than 


DELPHIA  SCHOOL  GARDEN 
(Under  the  °™*  °f 


66  LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

ever  before  what  a  city  government  does  for  its  school 
children. 


How  many  pupils  are  enrolled  in  the  schools  of  your 
city  or  town  ? 

How  many  buildings  are  there  ? 

Is  your  school  controlled  by  the  superintendent  and 

teacher  together,  or 
is  there  a  member 
of  the  city  School 
Board  appointed  to 
visit  your  school  ? 

What  relation  is 
there  between  your 
city  or  town  school 
and  the  state  Board 
of  Education  ? 

A  RURAL  SCHOOL  A171     ,  .     ,,  , 

What  is  the  valu- 
ation of  your  city  or  town  ?  What  is  the  population  ? 

How  much  does  it  cost,  approximately,  to  educate  each 
pupil  ? 

What  equipments  are  being  added  at  present  to 
develop  better  results? 

What  text-books  are  used  in  your  school  ?  Make  out 
a  list,  and  give  a  reason  why  these  books  are  probably 
superior  to  those  used  by  your  fathers  or  grandfathers. 

If  you  can,  bring  into  class  old-fashioned  text-books, 


A   SCHOOL   SYSTEM   STORY  67 

beginning  with  the  "  New  England  Primer,"  which 
will  show  the  advance  in  educational  publications. 

At  present,  how  are  educators  trying  to  improve  the 
rural  schools  in  your  state  ? 

What  is  the  statute  law  in  your  state  relative  to 
education  ? 


A  ScrfbOL  YARD  IN  A  BIG  CITY 

Does  your  state  support  any  institutions  for  feeble- 
minded children,  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  the  blind  ? 

Ought  cities  to  keep  up  manual  training  schools  ? 

Ought  they  to  support  commercial  high  schools  ? 

Ought  they  to  have  separate  high  schools  for  girls 
and  boys  ? 


68  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Ought  pupils  in  the   high  school  to  be  required  to 
pay  fees? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM 

superintendent  janitor 

supervisor  ventilation 

committee  vacation 

agent  holiday 

truant  commissioner  graduation 

curriculum  competitive  contests 

courses  debates 

athletics  training 

kindergarten  commercial  course 

equipment  college  course 

supplies  scientific  course 
manual  training 

OFFICIAL   TERMS   AND    DUTIES 
THE  SCHOOL  COMMITTEE 

School  Committee  or  School  Board:  These  city  officials  have  the 
full  care  of  expenditures  and  the  regulation  of  all  school  matters. 
They  elect  the  standing  committees  and  often  have  charge  of  the 
assignment  of  teachers. 

President  or  Chairman  :  The  presiding  officer  of  the  School 
Board  or  School  Committee. 

Secretary :  The  recording  official  for  the  School  Board. 

Superintendent :  The  professional  supervisor  of  all  the  schools, 
who  may  be  assisted  by  supervisors,  if  the  city  is  a  large  one. 


A   SCHOOL  SYSTEM   STORY 


69 


Truant  Officers :  These  officials  enforce  school  and  labor  laws, 
acting  in  conjunction  with  both  city  and  county  regulations. 

Standing  Committees :  The  members  of  the  board,  or  committee 
at  large,  are  so  divided  that  certain  members  act  as  a  committee  on 
"  Teachers  and  Salaries,"  others  on  "  Books  and  Supplies,"  still 
others  on  "  Evening  Schools,"  "  High  Schools,"  "  Drawing  Schools," 
"  Music,"  "  Reports,"  "  Accounts,"  "  Schoolhouses  and  Sanitation," 
and  "  Rules." 

Assignments :  The  appointments  of  teachers  to  special  day  and 
to  special  evening  schools. 


AN  OVERSEERS  OF  THE  POOR  STORY 

EVERY  evening  as  Miss  Abbott  crossed  the  city  from 
her  school  to  her  home,  she  liked  to  buy  the  latest  issue 
of  the  Evening  Sun  at  the  Square,  where  she  could 
watch  the  newspaper  boys  in  their  eagerness  for  cus- 
tomers, and  where  she  always  spoke  with  one  of  them  in 
particular.  This  newspaper  boy,  however,  was  not  a  boy 
at  all,  but  a  small  girl  of  fourteen.  Maggie  Connors  wore 
a  very  short  skirt,  a  boy's  overcoat,  a  boy's  cap,  and 
boy's  boots.  Maggie's  hair  was  short  and  curly.  Very 
few  people  stop  to  look  at  newsboys,  and  Miss  Abbott 
must  have  been  an  exception  in  noticing  that  the 
bustling  seller  of  the  "  six  o'clock  edition  "  was  really  a 
girl  and  not  a  boy. 

For  some  time  Miss  Abbott  bought  her  evening  paper 
from  Maggie  without  exchange  of  confidences  between 
them,  but  one  night  when  business  was  dull  and  the 

7o 


AN    OVERSEERS   OF   THE   POOR   STORY 


teacher  felt  particularly  friendly,  she  did  ask  Maggie 
about  her  home.  Then  she  learned  that  Maggie's 
younger  sister  was  one  of  her  own  pupils  in  the  primary 
school.  She  also  learned  that  these  two  little  girls  had 
a  baby  sister,  and  that 
the  three  lived  to- 
gether in  one  room 
of  a  small  tenement 
house  off  Carr  Street. 
Maggie's  mother  and 
father  had  both  died 
suddenly  the  winter 
before ;  many  of  the 
household  goods  had 
to  be  sold  to  pay  bills, 
and  Maggie  realized 
that  she  must  go  to 
work  at  once  in  order 
to  keep  the  children 
with  her.  She  herself  could  not  work  during  the  day, 
for  there  was  the  baby  to  be  taken  care  of.  So  she 
stayed  with  the  baby  sister,  and  did  the  little  housework 
that  had  to  be  done,  which  meant  washing,  ironing, 
and  mending,  rather  than  cooking.  They  were  too  poor 
to  keep  a  fire  in  a  cooking  stove,  so  that  what  little 
they  had  to  eat  was  bought  at  the  baker's,  and  only 
a  small  stove  was  left  to  heat  their  one  room. 


A  CROWDED  COURTYARD 


72  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

After  Annie  came  home  from  school,  Maggie  put  on 
her  boy's  clothes  and  sold  papers.  Then  again  in  the 
evening,  after  she  had  put  the  children  to  bed,  she  washed 
dishes  in  a  great  restaurant  near  by  until  twelve  o'clock. 

Once  Miss  Abbott  went  to  see  the  Connors  children, 
but  it  chanced  that  Maggie  had  taken  her  two  little  sis- 
ters out  for  a  walk.  The  teacher  thus  missed  seeing  the 
inside  of  her  pupil's  forlorn  and  barren  home.  She 
meant  to  go  again,  but  a  teacher's  time  is  crowded, 
though  her  heart  may  be  full  of  thoughts  about  her 
children. 

Almost  every  evening  Maggie  asked  Miss  Abbott  if 
Annie  was  behaving  well  at  school,  and  Miss  Abbott  in 
return  would  say,  "  Annie  has  been  a  very  good  girl 
to-day." 

"  We  have  not  had  so  fierce  an  ice  storm  for  five  years 
as  this  one  has  proved,  have  we,  father  ? "  asked  Miss 
Abbott  as  she  joined  her  family  at  supper.  "  I  am  so 
glad  there  was  no  school  yesterday  and  to-day ;  I  could 
sit  and  enjoy  the  beauty  of  the  glittering  icicles  upon 
the  trees  and  shrubs,  and  forget  the  danger  underneath." 

"  I  hope  no  one  is  suffering  from  accidents.  Last 
night,  when  I  bought  my  paper,  your  little  girl  was  not  at 
the  Square,  and  again  to-night  she  was  missing." 

"  Oh,  father,  I'm  so  glad  you  have  spoken  of  her !  Her 
little  sister,  Annie,  was  absent  last  Friday.  She  was  ill, 


AN    OVERSEERS   OF  THE   POOR   STORY 


73 


one  of  the  children  told  me.     Those  little  girls  may  be 
in  trouble;  what  can  I  do?" 

Mr.  Abbott  was  one  of 
the  Overseers  of  the  Poor 
of  the  city,  and  though 
he  had  many  important 
things  to  think  about,  he 
was  above  all  else  inter- 
ested in  little  children. 

"  Why  not  telephone  to 
John  Towers,  the  police- 
man in  that  ward  ?  " 

In  a  few  minutes  Miss 
Abbott  was  talking  over 
the  telephone  with  John 
at  the  station  house.  He 
knew  nothing  of  the  little 
Connors  girls,  but  he 
promised  to  look  them  up 
on  his  night  beat  at  nine 
o'clock. 

When  bedtime  came 
both  Miss  Abbott  and  her 
father  were  still  waiting  to  hear  from  the  policeman. 
It  was  a  sad  story  that  he  had  to  tell  when  he  called 
them  up ;  so  sad,  indeed,  that  Mr.  Abbott  and  his 
daughter  ordered  a  carriage  from  a  livery  stable  near  by 


THE  ONLY  LIGHT  FOR  A  Row  OF 
HOUSES  COMES  THROUGH  THIS 
ALLEY 


74  LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

and  drove  rapidly  to  Carr  Street,  where  Towers  was 
awaiting  them.  You  see  the  Connors  children  were  brave 
little  girls,  and  they  had  not  liked  to  ask  for  help ;  yet  the 
younger  sister  was  very  sick  with  a  feverish  cold ;  the  baby 
had  croup;  and  the  little  money  which  Maggie  had  stored 
away  for  such  misfortunes  was  quickly  spent  by  the 
poor  child,  because,  in  the  meantime,  she  was  unable  to 
do  her  regular  night  work.  Three  days  of  suffering 
seem  long  to  any  one  ;  to  Maggie,  while  nursing  her  sis- 
ters, the  days  seemed  weeks  or  even  months.  The  only 
family  in  the  tenement  that  had  ever  been  kind  to  her 
had  recently  moved  away.  Maggie  was  too  proud  to  ask 
help  of  strangers,,  but  she  knew  that  the  city  government 
never  meant  to  let  poor  people  suffer  from  want,  and  on 
the  very  afternoon  of  the  ice  storm  she  left  the  two  sick 
children  and  started  for  the  City  Hall,  believing  that  the 
Overseers  of  the  Poor  would  help  her.  The  children  had 
had  nothing  to  eat  but  bread  and  milk  during  the  three 
days,  and  now  the  supply  of  milk  must  cease  because  her 
money  was  all  gone.  The  baker's  wife  would  give  her 
stale  bread  for  almost  nothing,  but  the  milkman  did  not 
understand  the  situation.  He  had  said  brusquely  that 
morning :  "  I  can't  trust  you.  You  look  too  young  for 
steady  work  or  steady  pay." 

On  her  way  to  the  City  Hall  she  fell  on  the  glaring  ice ; 
on  rising  there  was  such  pain  in  her  ankle  that  she  dared 
not  keep  on.  She  turned  back  into  the  alley  and  climbed 


AN   OVERSEERS   OF   THE   POOR   STORY 


75 


the  three  flights  of  stairs,  where,  discouraged  and  suffer- 
ing, she  threw  herself  upon  the  bed  beside  her  two  sisters. 
Hours  after,  when  she  told  Miss  Abbott  of  that  after- 
noon's experience, 
she  described  the 
pain  of  her  heart 
as  even  more  acute 
than  the  pain  in 
her  swollen  ankle. 
Cold,  hungry,  and 
sick  as  they  were, 
the  little  girls  with 
the  baby  had  gone 
to  bed  in  order  to 
keep  warm.  When 
Policeman  Towers 
found  them  he  had 
to  knock  many 
times  and  very 
loud,  for  they  were 
sleeping  heavily 
after  long  hours  of  hunger  and  cold  and  weeping. 
Before  the  Abbotts  arrived,  Towers  followed  Mr. 
Abbott's  orders  to  build  a  fire  and  get  food.  When  the 
overseer  of  the  poor  and  little  Annie's  teacher  appeared 
in  the  doorway  of  the  room,  they  found  the  children 
comfortable,  though  bearing  the  marks  of  sickness  and 
anxiety. 


A  DISMAL  SPOT  FOR  A  HOME 


76  LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOF   CITIZENS 

"  Oh,  Miss  Abbott,  how  good  of  you  to  come  and  see 
us ! "  and  Maggie  tried  to  limp  forward  from  the  edge  of 
the  bed  where  she  was  sitting;  but  her  ankle  was  so 
painful  that  she  fell  across  her  little  sister,  faint  from 
exhaustion  and  pain. 

The  city  doctor  came  almost  immediately,  for  the 
policeman  had  recognized  at  once  the  need  of  his  assist- 
ance, and,  by  good  fortune,  the  district  nurse  was  off 
duty,  so  she,  too,  came  to  help  bring  about  comfort  in 
the  sick  room. 

Now,  as  an  overseer  of  the  poor,  Mr.  Abbott's  interest 
in  the  case  was  official  as  well  as  friendly.  He  realized 
that  these  children  must  be  cared  for ;  that  the  brave 
little  girl  trying  to  support  her  sisters  would  need  contin- 
ued aid  for  some  time.  As  he  sat  by  the  stove  his 
daughter,  who  had  been  helping  the  nurse,  came  to  him 
and  drew  a  chair  beside  him. 

"  What  are  you  going  to  do  about  these  children, 
father  ?  It  seems  cruel  to  separate  them,  and  yet  they 
cannot  stay  here.  The  doctor  says  Maggie's  ankle  won't 
be  strong  for  six  weeks." 

"  I  hate  to  send  them  to  the  city  farm,"  Mr.  Abbott 
remarked  after  a  moment's  silence.  "  They  certainly 
can't  stay  here,  even  with  aid  from  our  outside  depart- 
ment." 

"  But,  father,  why  not  let  me  apply  to  the  Associated 
Charities  in  this  work?  Julia  Swan  is  an  agent  in  train- 


AN    OVERSEERS   OF   THE   POOR   STORY 


77 


ing,  and  she  told  me  yesterday  of  a  poor  woman  whom 
she  visits  for  the  association,  who  might  help  settle  the 
whole  problem.  Her  husband  has  just  died,  and  she 
wishes  to  earn  something  by  taking  children  into  her 
home  for  small  payment.  The  city  could  pay  the  woman 


A  TENEMENT  HOUSING  TWELVE  FAMILIES  WITH  MORE  THAN  SEVENTY 

MEMBERS 

for  taking  care  of  these  poor  little  girls,  and  the  Asso- 
ciated Charities  could  be  responsible  for  their  welfare. 
Then,  as  soon  as  Maggie  is  strong  again,  we  can  help  her 
to  learn  a  trade  which  will  make  it  possible  for  her  to 
support  herself." 


?8  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Mr.  Abbott  not  only  considered  his  daughter's  propo- 
sition a  wise  one,  but  broke  out  enthusiastically  with : 
"  What  a  splendid  thing  it  is  in  these  days  that  our 
city  department  can  cooperate  with  volunteer  charity 
boards  and  make  our  joint  work  so  helpful  to  every- 
body !  There  was  a  time  when  people  who  had  charge 
of  private  charities  would  not  have  anything  to  do  with 
us  who  represent  the  city,  but  now  we  are  all  striving 
together  to  see  that  there  is  relief  for  the  really  poor,  and 
that  impostors  and  lazy  people  do  not  take  the  money 
intended  for  the  needy.  I  am  more  and  more  convinced 
of  our  responsibility.  We  not  only  need  to  realize  that 
the  care  of  the  poor  and  the  infirm  is  really  a  great 
social  duty,  but  we  also  need  to  realize  that  indiscrimi- 
nate charity  is  a  twofold  evil.  It  not  only  is  a  wrong 
against  the  agency  that  is  trying,  honestly  to  better  the 
situation,  but  it  is  also  a  wrong  against  the  individual 
who  attempts  to  cheat  the  agency." 

When,  just  after  midnight,  Mr.  Abbott  and  his 
daughter  left  the  Connors  children  in  the  care  of  a  dis- 
trict nurse,  only  two  hours  had  passed  since  they  came ; 
yet  the  system  of  relief  for  the  poor  had  made  it  possible 
to  provide  for  these  little  children  almost  immediately, 
and  if  it  was  not  actually  the  cause  of  their  lives  being 
saved,  it  did  make  new  surroundings  with  happy  interests. 

At  all  events,  six  months  later  Maggie  was  no  longer 
selling  papers  on  the  street  or  working  in  a  midnight 


AN   OVERSEERS   OF  THE   POOR   STORY  79 

restaurant.  Instead,  she  was  learning  a  trade  while  she 
and  Annie  and  the  baby  boarded  with  the  woman  who 
was  being  assisted  by  the  Associated  Chanties  organiza- 
tion. Maggie  keenly  realized  her  indebtedness  to  the 
city  government  through  the  Overseers  of  the  Poor  and 
to  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Charities  who  had  also 
taken  an  interest  in  her  case.  She  had  learned  through 
her  experience  of  the  great  work  done  by  these  organiza- 
tions. Indeed,  she  was  learning  many  things  in  her  new 
life  and,  best  of  all,  she  was  forgetting  the  sad  and  un- 
happy times  of  the  past.  There  were  two  things  she 
would  never  forget,  however,  —  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Abbott 
and  the  loving  interest  of  Annie's  teacher,  who  had  helped 
her  to  keep  her  little  family  together. 

What  does  this  mean,  "  Not  alms,  but  a  friend"? 

How  does  the  work  of  our  city  or  town  department 
(the  Overseers  of  the  Poor)  carry  out  the  above  motto  ? 

What  is  outdoor  relief? 

Would  it  be  wise  to  send  able-bodied  men  to  alms- 
houses  because  they  were  unable,  at  certain  times,  to 
support  their  families  ? 

What  are  some  of  the  methods  adopted  by  the  Over- 
seers of  the  Poor,  in  your  city  or  town,  to  help  the 
indigent  to  become  self-supporting  ? 

What  is  done  with  the  orphan  children  in  your  city  or 
town  ?  How  much  care  is  taken  of  the  sick  through  the 


8o 


LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


dispensary,  or  hospital   and    city  physician,  or   through 
the  selectmen  if  your  home  is  in  a  town  ? 

Is  your  town  farm  built  on  the  cottage  plan,  or  is  it 

one  building? 

How  does  your  city 
or  town  deal  with 
tramps  ? 

Are  paupers  ex- 
pected to  work  at  the 
town  farm  ? 

If  an  inmate  of  the 
poor  farm  is  found  to 
have  been  a  citizen 
of  some  other  city  or 
town,  which  treasury 
ought  to  bear  the  ex- 
pense of  supporting 
such  a  person  ? 

What  charity  organ- 
izations   have    you    in 
your     city    or    town  ? 
Do      they     cooperate 
with    the    Overseers    of    the     Poor? 

Have  we  industrial  schools  in  our  country,  provided 
by  state  or  city,  to  help  educate  the  ignorant  to  work  for 
themselves  ? 

What  are  our  state  institutions  for  the  poor  or  sick? 


THE  BACK  YARD  OF  A  WRETCHED 
TENEMENT 


AN   OVERSEERS   OF   THE   POOR   STORY 


81 


Have  we  state  institutions  for  idiots  and  the  insane? 
And  for  deaf  mutes,  for  the  blind,  and  for  inebriates? 
At  such  institutions  is  there  furnished  any  special  edu- 
cational instruction  ? 

What  are  the  relations  between  state  and  city  or  town 
institutions? 

What  Federal  institutions  are  there  for  disabled 
seamen  and  soldiers  ? 

In  what  towns  or  cities  of  the  United  States  are  these 
homes  situated? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  OVERSEERS 
OF  THE  POOR 


overseers 
state  aid 
ward 
pauper 
insane 
almshouse 
institutions 
poor  farm 


asylums 
truant  school 
hospital 
state  hospital 
decrepits 
infirmary 
dormitory 
ambulance 


dispensaries 

tramps 

outdoor  relief 

official  relief 

citizens'  relief  association 

"  fresh  air  "  societies 

sick-diet  kitchen 

thrift  agencies 


OFFICIAL   TERMS    AND    DUTIES 
THE  OVERSEERS   OF  THE   POOR 

The  Board  of  Overseers  of  the  Poor  or  the  Commission  of  Charities : 

These  city  officials  have  charge  of  all  city  expenditures  for  paupers, 


82  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

and  for  insane  and  other  dependents.  The  work  is  often  divided  into 
"indoor  and  outdoor  relief." 

The  Clerk  :  The  official  in  charge  of  the  accounts. 

Superintendent  of  the  Almshouse  or  Poor  Farm  :  The  presiding  officer 
of  the  "  town  farm  "  or  "  city  farm  "  often  has  extensive  authority 
over  both  the  inmates  of  the  home  and  the  work  carried  out  on  the 
farm  itself. 

Duties  of  the  Board  of  Overseers,  or  Commissioners :  These  officials 
approve  reports ;  they  elect  all  officers  under  their  authority ;  they 
visit  state  and  city  institutions ;  they  elect  advisory  committees, 
auditing  committees,  and  committees  on  rules,  etc. 

Duties  of  the  Clerk  (sometimes  designated  Chairman):  This  of- 
ficial's work  for  the  most  part  covers  the  "  outdoor  relief  "  of  the 
city  poor.  He  must  investigate  each  special  case  and  give  imme- 
diate relief  if  the  case  is  worthy.  No  permanent  aid  can  be  given 
by  him  without  advice  of  the  board.  He  must  make  out  an  inventory 
of  each  case  for  further  reference. 


A    PARK   COMMISSION    STORY 

Two  children  sat  on  the  edge  of  the  little  lake  watch- 
ing the  swans  circling  upon  the  water.  The  morning 
was  hot,  but  the  air  was  fresh,  and  it  was  pleasant  sitting 
under  the  big  willow  which  cast  cooling  shadows  upon 
the  water.  On  a  settee  .under  the  tree  sat  an  elderly 
man  with  his  newspaper  in  his  lap. 

"  I  wish  I  could  feed  the  swans,"  the  little  girl  said, 
turning  to  her  brother. 

"  The  next  time  we  come  we'll  bring  some  bread,"  the 
boy  replied. 

"  I  always  have  something  in  my  pockets  for  the 
swans."  The  voice  came  from  behind  them.  Turning 
quickly,  little  Mary  Aldrich  saw  the  kindly  face  of  the 
ge'ntleman  on  the  bench,  but  it  was  her  brother  who 
answered  him. 

83 


84  LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  Have  you  fed  them  yet,  sir  ? " 

u  No,  not  yet;  so  you  and  the  little  girl  may  take  this 
cake  if  you  wish  to." 

Thus  it  was  that  after  the  swans  had  been  fed,  Tommy 
and  Mary  Aldrich  found  themselves  on  the  grass  chat- 
ting pleasantly  with  their  new  acquaintance. 


WHERE  SWANS  LIKE  TO  FEED 

"  Why,  I  can  remember,"  the  gentleman  said,  "  that 
when  I  was  your  age  this  park  was  just  a  stretch  of 
meadow  and  woodland.  You  know  there  was  no  city 
here  fifty  years  ago.  It  was  a  farming  town,  but  the 
railroad  came  and  then  the  mills  were  built,  and  by 
and  by  so  many  people  came  here  that  the  farms  were 
cut  up,  streets  were  laid  out,  and  a  city  grew  up  before 
you  could  say  *  Jack  Robinson/  " 


A   PARK   COMMISSION    STORY  85 

"  What  did  you  use  to  do  when  you  were  a  little 
boy  ?  "  asked  Mary. 

"One  of  the  things  I  liked  best  to  do  was  to  come 
here  hunting  with  my  father  during  the  partridge  season. 
Right  over  there,  where  the  summerhouse  stands  in 
the  botanical  gardens,  the  woods  were  very  dense,  and 
partridge  covies  could  always  be  started  up  in  the 


season." 


"  It's  too  bad,"  interrupted  Tommy,  "  that .  there  are 
no  partridges  here  now.  I  wish  it  were  still  wild  country 
as  it  was  when  you  were  a  boy." 

"No;  I  think  you  will  prefer  it  as  it  is,  when  I  tell 
you  how  much  more  pleasure  the  park  gives  to  all  the 
people  in  the  city  than  even  the  wild  country  gave  to  us 
boys  and  girls  years  ago." 

"  How  is  that?  "  Mary  spoke  this  time. 

"  In  the  first  place,  it  was  not  safe  even  for  boys  to 
come  here  alone.  Some  of  the  land  was  marshy,  and  the 
woods  were  so  tangled  that  young  children  might  have  met 
with  injury.  Then,  too,  it  was  not  public  property,  and 
although  no  one  objected  to  our  straying  across  the  land 
if  we  did  no  harm  to  fences  or  crops,  still  our  fathers 
and  mothers  felt  that  we  were  trespassing.  Then,  in 
my  day,  children  stole  birds'  eggs,  and  we  shot  and 
trapped  the  squirrels  and  rabbits.  You  youngsters  know 
better.  You  are  taught  to  be  friendly  with  the  wild 
creatures,  and  to  watch  their  habits  and  enjoy  their  free 


86 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


life."  They  were  silent  for  a  few  moments.  Each  was 
thinking.  The  kindly  old  gentleman  was  hoping  that 
what  he  had  said  would  make  the  children  more  than 
ever  interested  in  the  habits  of  the  "pets  of  the  park,"  as 
he  liked  to  call  the  tenants  of  trees  and  shrubs ;  and  the 


AN  ATTRACTIVE  SPOT  IN  A  PARK 

children  were  wondering  how  it  would  seem  to  bring 
guns  and  traps  into  the  park,  instead  of  nuts  with  which 
to  feed  the  animals.  After  all,  their  way  was  the  best, 
as  their  friend  on  the  bench  had  said. 

"  I  was  very  glad,  in  after  years,  when  I  became  a  man, 
and  was  interested  in  public  affairs,  to  vote  for  a  Park 
Commission,"  Mr.  Colburn  remarked  presently. 


A   PARK    COMMISSION    STORY  87 

"  What  does  a  Park  Commission  have  to  do  with  a 
park  ?  "  asked  Mary. 

"  I  know,"  answered  Tom,  without  waiting  for  their 
new  friend  to  explain. 

"  Well  ? "  inquired  Mr.  Colburn,  who  had  grown  inter- 


IN  A  BOTANICAL  GARDEN:   THE  CHRYSANTHEMUM  HOUSE 

ested  in  the  children  and  felt  quite  willing  to  sit  still 
under  the  tree  and  enjoy  their  young  comradeship. 
"  They  are  the  policemen  who  patrol,  aren't  they  ?  " 
"  No,  Tommy,  you  are  not  right  this  time.     The  Park 
Commission  is  a  committee  appointed  by  the  mayor  to 
look  after  the  trees  and  the  public  land  owned  by  the 
city  arid  used  by  the  public  for  pleasure  purposes.     One 


88 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


reason  why  I  so  enjoy  coming  to  this  park  and  sitting 
under  these  trees  is  because  I  was  the  first  chairman  of  the 
first  Park  Commission  the  mayor  appointed.  We  did  not 
have  much  money  at  the  outset,  thirty  years  ago.  All 
we  could  do  at  the  beginning  was  to  acquire  the  land, 
plant  shrubs,  and  trim  out  a  few  trees.  We  began  our 
first  work  on  the  public  Common.  The  second  year 
we  had  the  benches  built,  and  put  new  pathways  across 
the  Common.  Then  old  Madam  Gordon  died  and  left 

this  land  and  her 
whole  estate  to  the 
city  for  a  park  sys- 
tem. It  included 
this  land  here,  and 
the  upland  mead- 
ows across  the  canal 
where  we  have  the 
orolf  links  and  ball 
grounds,  as  well 
as  the  down-town 
playgrounds  for  little  children.  I  shall  never  forget  the 
fight  we  had  in  the  Common  Council  over  the  accept- 
ance of  the  gift." 

"  Why,  Mr.  Colburn,"  burst  forth  Mary,  "do  you  mean 
that  gentlemen  fight  together  when  they  are  on  com- 
mittees ?  " 

"  Not  exactly,  little  Miss  Mary  ;  that  was  not  a  good 


THE  CHILDREN'S  SAND  HEAPS 


A   PARK   COMMISSION   STORY  89 

word  to  choose.  I  meant  that  they  argued.  Some  men 
wanted  to  accept  the  gift,  and  others  said  that  it  would 
cost  the  city  a  great  deal  of  money  to  maintain  or  take 
care  of  so  much  '  waste  property,'  as  they  called  it.  Still 
others  replied  that  the  gift  ought  to  be  accepted  because 
the  parks  would  beautify  the  city,  and  attract  people  to 
build  new  homes  in  this  part  of  the  suburbs,  and  that 
this  would  pay  back  the  cost  of  the  parks  in  new 
taxes." 

"Has  this  park  really  made  money  for  the  city?" 
asked  Tommy,  who  was  much  interested  in  his  arith- 
metic work,  and  who  was  already  trying  to  make  up  an 
example  beginning,  "  If  a  city  buys  a  park  for  #200,000, 
and  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  neighboring  property 
is  one  and  a  half  millions,  and  taxes  are  $15  on  a 
thousand,  how  long  will  it  take  to  pay  for  the  park  ?  " 

But  the  old  gentleman  continued,  "  If  the  parks  and 
open  fields  did  not  raise  the  value  of  taxable  property, 
they  would  serve  a  noble  purpose  in  themselves." 

"  How?  "  asked  Tommy. 

u  I  think  Mary  can  guess,"  replied  the  old  man. 

"  Do  you  mean  because  it  gives  people  a  place  to 
be  happy  in  ?  "  replied  the  girl,  thoughtfully. 

"  That's  the  sum  total  of  it,  Mary.  Let  us  think 
about  it.  In  the  first  place,  the  poor  people  can  come 
here  and  enjoy  fresh  air.  Think  of  all  the  babies  that 
have  been  toddling  past  us  since  we  have  been  talking, 


90  LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

and  how  much  good  it  must  do  the  mothers  who  are 
here  with  them.  Then,  too,  it  teaches  the  citizens  to 
love  beautiful  nature.  Even  the  back  yards  in  the 
mill  districts  are  kept  better  and  made  more  attractive 
because  the  fathers,  who  come  out  here  Sundays  to  rest, 
see  the  beauty  of  our  growing  shrubs  and  vines  and 


A  PARK  ENTRANCE 

flowers.  Then,  again,  everybody  really  owns  the  park, 
because  it  is  public,  and  everybody  takes  pride  in  his  or 
her  share  of  the  ownership.  It  is  very  seldom  that  even 
lawless  boys  harm  any  of  our  flower-beds  or  park 
property." 

Presently    Mr.    Colburn    rose   to   go,    but    Mary  and 
Tommy  were  not  to  be  left  behind.     With  one  on  either 


A   PARK   COMMISSION    STORY  91 

side  of  him,  Mr.  Colburn  wandered  across  the  soft  velvety 
grass  to  a  pathway  marked  "  Robin's  Way,"  because  there 
in  the  spring  the  first  robins  find  shelter  in  the  spruces 
and  cedars.  As  they  trudged  along,  Tommy  said:  "What 
do  our  park  commissioners  do  now?  They  have  got 
everything  all  done,  haven't  they  ?  " 

"  Oh,  no  !  there's  still  a  large  work  to  do,  and  they  need 
money  more  than  ever,"  Mr.  Colburn  replied.  "  This 
coming  year  they  are  going  to  use  most  of  their  appro- 
priation to  fight  the  brown-tail  moth.  You  see,  for  the 
sake  of  the  people  who  have  no  other  chance  of  a  summer 
holiday  except  to  visit  parks,  there  is  great  need  to  keep 
the  foliage  on  the  shade  trees.  But  after  this  siege  is 
over,  I  hope  that  the  commission  will  be  able  to  build  an 
out-of-door  gymnasium  with  a  swimming  pool.  I've 
even  thought  of  a  playhouse  for  little  girls  and  their 
dolls;  and  Mr.  Boyd  has  his  heart  set  on  a  Zoo,  so  that 
you  children  can  see  animals  without  going  to  the 
circus." 

Tommy  instantly  exclaimed,  "Oh,  Mary !  think  what 
fun  it  will  be  to  have  real  live  animals  in  this  park !  " 

But  Mary  answered,  as  most  little  girls  would  answer, 
"Yes,  but  I  like  to  think  of  real  live  dolls  and  a  real  live 
doll-house." 

The  children  felt  sorry  to  leave  their  new  friend  when 
he  reached  his  own  doorway.  But  the  morning's  pleasant 
conversation  proved  the  beginning  of  a  friendship  which 


92  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

will  last,  because  they  each  have  a  love  for  the  park  as  a 
common  bond,  and  they  often  meet  under  the  old  willow 
trees. 

Name  the  parks  or  "  commons  "  and  public  land  for 
recreation  in  your  town  or  city. 


THE  PARK  LILY  POND 

Who  has  the  care  of  this  property  ? 

What  amount  of  money  was  appropriated  last  year  for 
the  use  of  the  park  system  in  your  city  or  town  ? 

What  steps  are  being  taken  to  develop  further  recrea- 
tion grounds  and  playgrounds-? 


A   PARK   COMMISSION    STORY 


93 


Name  certain  locations  where  playgrounds  are 
needed. 

What  is  being  done  in  your  city  to  create  "  school 
gardens  "  ? 

What  can  the  boys  and  girls  do  to  help  improve  the 
parks  ? 

What  can  we  do  here  in  the  schoolroom  to  help  the 
park  system  as  well  as  to  interest  ourselves  in  school 
yards  ? 


A  RECREATION  PIER 

Why  should  we  feel  that  public  property  is  our  per- 
sonal care  ? 

Plan  a  walk  through  the  parks  in  order  to  see  the 
latest  improvements  or  the  possibility  for  more.  If  your 
city  could  afford  it,  would  public  bathhouses  in  some 
of  the  parks  be  an  advantage  ?  Would  trolleys  through 
the  great  parks  be  an  advantage  ? 


94  LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Have  you  a  state  park  in  your  state  ? 
Where  are  the  famous  national  parks  ?     Where  in  all 
probability  will  a  new  national  park  be  established? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  PARK  COMMISSION 

commission  pathways . 

parks  artificial  duck  ponds 

commons  wading  pools 

landscape  gardening  summerhouses 

boulevard  pavilion 

parkway  donor 

statuary  community 

fountains  officers 

outdoor  gymnasiums  chairman 

public  playgrounds  secretary 

baseball  diamond  general  superintendent 

lawns  consulting  engineer 

OFFICIAL  TERMS  AND   DUTIES 
THE  PARK  COMMISSION 

Officers  of  the  Park  Commission :  The  city  officials  who  have  charge 
of  the  maintenance  and  development  of  parks,  boulevards,  trees,  and 
public  land  for  the  city,  with  control  of  the  finances  appropriated  for 
the  use  of  the  park  system. 

Chairman  :  The  presiding  and  governing  officer. 

Secretary :  The  recording  officer. 


A   PARK   COMMISSION   STORY 


95 


General  Superintendent :  The  official  who  has  charge  of  all  public 
works  connected  with  the  Park  Commission. 

Consulting  Engineer :  The  official  who  has  care  of  surveying,  and 
the  plans  of  construction. 

Inspector  of  Trees :  The  official  in  charge  of  trees,  sometimes 
called  "  tree  warden."  This  officer  often  places  labels  with  both  the 
common  and  the  botanical  names  upon  the  trees. 

Landscape  Gardener  :  The  person  who,  having  studied  the  art  of 
horticulture  and  park  systems,  is  appointed  to  care  for  the  beautifying 
of  the  parks. 


A    MUNICIPAL    INTERESTS    STORY 

ANDY  HARTWELL  was  a  little  country  boy.  He  lived 
upon  a  great  wheat  farm  in  Kansas.  When  he  stood  in 
the  doorway  of  his  father's  house,  as  far  as  his  eye  could 
reach  he  saw  the  horizon  line  bounding  his  father's 
estate,  for  farms  in  Kansas  are  like  great  plantations. 

Andy  was  all  excitement.  His  cousin,  Alice  Ferguson, 
from  a  city  in  the  far  East,  had  arrived  late  the  night 
before  with  her  mother  to  make  a  visit ;  and  as  soon  as 
the  guests  should  breakfast,  Andy  was  to  show  Alice  the 
wonders  of  his  home.  All  Andy  knew  of  a  city  was 
what  he  had  heard  his  father  tell  after  his  return 
from  business  trips  to  Kansas  City.  Andy  had  a  large 
imagination,  and  he  tried  to  picture  the  big  farm  made 
over  into  a  city.  Somehow  it  always  looked  to  him  as 

96 


A   MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY  97 

if  it  were  made  of  children's  blocks,  and  he  knew  that 
his  picture  was  not  real. 

As  soon  as  breakfast  was  over,  Andy  brought  to  the 
door  two  saddle  horses, — just  such  well-trained  horses 
as  every  boy  or  girl  in  the  country  would  like  to  ride. 
Alice,  who  had  taken  riding  lessons  in  her  own  city,  was 
fearless  in  her  anticipation  of  the  morning's  pleasure. 

"  Why,  Andy  !  "  she  exclaimed  joyously,  "  it  is  going 
to  be  such  fun  to  ride  across  country  and  look  off  at  the 
sky  without  any  interruptions." 

"  It  is  a  fine  day,"  rejoined  Andy ;  "  I  can  see  very  few 
clouds." 

"  Oh  !  by  '  interruptions '  I  did  not  mean  clouds." 

"What  did  you  mean,  Cousin  Alice?"  asked  the 
boy. 

"  Why,  I  meant  great  tall  chimneys  and  electric  poles 
and  hundreds  of  fine  glistening  wires  and  steeples  and 
water  tanks  and  gasometers,  besides  horrid  black,  sooty 
smoke  hanging  over  all.  The  sky  here  looks  as  if  the 
angels  had  washed  it  and  put  in  too  much  bluing." 

So  they  chatted  merrily,  as  they  crossed  the  home- 
stead orchards  into  the  paths  that  led  through  the  wheat 
fields,  where  the  harvest  was  already  fulfilling  its  spring 
promise.  Alice  asked  Andy  question  after  question 
about  the  life  which  he  knew  so  well.  He  liked  to  ex- 
plain the  mysteries  of  the  farm  and  to  show  her  the  barns 
and  stables  which  were  bigger  and  airier  than  any  she 


98  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

had  ever  dreamed  of.  Then  she  marveled  at  the  ma- 
chinery for  planting,  hoeing,  reaping,  and  threshing; 
each  remarkable  invention  which  Andy  explained,  as 
only  a  boy  can,  gave  the  city  girl  a  wonderful  insight 
into  scientific  agriculture. 

"  Oh,  Andy,  I  should  think  you  would  so  enjoy  living 
on  this  great  farm ! "  she  exclaimed,  when  the  ride  was 
over  and  the  horses  were  back  in  the  stable. 

"  No,  Cousin  Alice,  just  as  soon  as  I  am  old  enough  to 
go  to  college  I  wish  to  go  to  Chicago  University.  I 
know  I  shall  like  the  chimney  tops  and  the  electric 
wires  and  the  steeples,  and  even  the  horrid  old  smoke, 
better  than  I  could  possibly  ever  like  farming.  I  am  glad 
I  have  been  a  little  boy  on  a  farm,  but  I  wish  to  be  a  man 
in  a  big  city.  What  is  a  real  city  like,  Cousin  Alice  ?  " 
the  boy  asked,  throwing  himself  down  on  the  grass, 
while  his  daintily  dressed  cousin  established  herself  in  a 
hammock. 

Alice  Ferguson,  like  her  cousin  Andy,  had  a  keen 
imagination,  so  she  shut  her  eyes  and  let  her  memory 
call  up  the  picture  of  her  own  city. 

"  You  take  this  farm  and  cut  it  all  up  into  broad 
streets,  five  times  as  broad  as  the  path  that  is  cut  by 
your  biggest  McCormick  reaper;  then  you  build  great 
big  houses  side  by  side." 

"  I've  never  seen  such  houses,"  interrupted  Andy;  "  but 
I  think  I  can  imagine  brick  blocks.  I  have  seen  pictures 


A   MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY  99 

of  the  houses  in  New  York  and  Boston.     Aren't  there 
any  trees  on  the  streets,  Alice  ? " 

"  Not  very  often,  except  out  in  the  suburbs  where  the 
private  residences  are ;  there  the  trees  and  gardens  and 
parks  are  beautiful.  Do  you  know,  Andy,  right  in  the 
heart  of  the  city  there  is  so  much  to  think  about  that 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  A  SEWER  CONDUIT 

you  don't  stop  to  think  at  all !  Why,  under  the  streets 
there  are  the  great  subways  where  the  electric  cars  fly 
back  and  forth  like  shuttles  in  a  loom  !  Then  there  are 
sewer  conduits  and  water  pipes  and  gas  pipes  and 
sunken  electric  wires." 

"  Why,  Alice  !  "  exclaimed  Andy,  "  I  thought  electric 
wires  ran  from  pole  to  pole  above  the  ground." 


100  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  So  they  did  at  first,  but  they  don't  any  more  in  the 
big  cities." 

"  Why  not  ?  " 

"  Oh,  the  people  come  and  go  so  constantly  in  a 
crowded  city  that  overhead  wires  do  great  damage  at 
times.  The  city  authorities  demand  that  the  wires  shall 
be  laid  under  the  ground." 


A  PUMPING  STATION 

"  Alice,  did  you  ever  visit  the  great  stations  where 
all  these  wonderful  underground  conveniences  are 
started  ? " 

"  Yes,  Andy,  when  my  father  was  one  of  the  city  engi- 
neers I  used  to  drive  with  him  every  afternoon,  and  we 
often  had  to  visit  the  power  house  of  the  electric  lighting 


A   MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY  K?$?^ 

system ;  then  we  went  sometimes  to  the  pumping  station 
of  the  water  works." 

"  I  know  a  little  about  dynamos  and  electricity, 
Alice,  because  some  of  our  machinery  here  goes  by 
electricity,  and  we  have  batteries,  and  I  have  a  little 
dynamo  of  my  own ;  but  I  don't  know  a  thing  about 
pumping  stations  and  reservoirs.  We  use  windmills, 
you  see." 


INTERIOR  OF  A  PUMPING  STATION 


"  Of  course  I  really  don't  know  much  myself,"  Alice 
replied  frankly,  "  but  it  always  interests  me  very  much 
to  remember  where  the  water  comes  from  when  I  turn 
on  a  faucet  in  my  room." 

"  Where  does  it  come  from  ?  "  asked  Andy,  eagerly. 

"  It  comes  from  a  lake  higher  up  in  the  country, 
twelve  miles  north  of  our  city.  It  comes  in  great  pipes 


:I02  i  liEBSONS  FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

to  the  reservoir.  At  the  reservoir  there  is  an  immense 
pumping  station  run  by  dynamos  not  unlike  those  in  an 
electric  car  barn.  Then  the  great  main  pipes  are  laid 
eight  or  nine  feet  below  the  pavements.  They  carry  the 
water  through  the  streets,  and  service  pipes  pass  from 
the  main  pipes  to  all  the  buildings  and  houses  that  use 
the  water.  It  is  all  very  intricate,  Andy;  there  are  so 


CLEARING  LAND  FOR  THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  A  DAM 

many  little  valves  like  gates  that  open  and  shut  accord- 
ing to  the  pressure  of  the  water,  You  know  that  when 
we  go  away  in  summer  or  winter  and  shut  up  our  houses, 
we  can  shut  off  the  water  without  notifying  the  Water 
Board,  but  if  there  is  any  trouble  with  our  water  supply, 
it  is  our  duty  to  notify  the  board  immediately,  that  they 
may  investigate." 


A   MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY 


103 


"  Do  all  cities  get  their  water  from  so  great  a  dis- 
tance ? "  asked  Andy,  after  a  few  moments'  thought. 

"  Oh,  no  !  Where  Uncle  James  lives  the  water  comes 
from  a  system  of  driven  wells  just  out  of  the  city;  and 
when  I  was  in  Washington  I  discovered  that  I  was 
drinking  the  water  of  the  Potomac  River." 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  A  DAM 

The  boy  said,  "Why,  I  should  think  that  would  be 
horrid!" 

"  No,  they  have  a  wonderful  filtering  process  to  make 
the  water  clear  and  pure." 

"  Tell  me  about  the  gas  works  in  a  big  city,"  demanded 
Andy,  after  he  had  adjusted  himself  to  a  new  position 
on  the  grass. 


104 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


"  Why,  you  have  never  seen  a  gasometer ! "  ejaculated 
Alice. 

"  No,  of  course  not,"  Andy  replied ;  "  but  wait  until 
this  evening  after  dark  and  you  will  see  a  natural 


A  GASOMETER 

gas  well,  —  something  you  have  never  seen,  Alice,  I 
reckon." 

"  I  shall  want  to  see  it,"  said  Alice,  "and  I  wish  it  were 
dark  now." 

"  In  the  meanwhile,"  said  Andy,  "  you  may  tell  me 
how  a  gasometer  looks." 


A  MUNICIPAL  INTERESTS  STORY 


105 


"Our  gasometer  at  home  is  a  great  round  building 
made  of  iron  and  steel,  and,  Andy,  you  won't  believe  it, 
but  the  great  iron  roof,  or  cover,  rises  and  falls  in  such 
a  way  that  it 
looks  sometimes 
like  a  skeleton 
building,  just 
framework  and 
open  spaces;  at 
other  times  it 
looks  like  a  huge 
red  kettle." 

'  I  can't  imag- 
ine it  at  all," 
said  Andy,  and 
he  spoke  almost 
petulantly. 

"  I   am  sorry, 

Andy,"  his  cousin  replied.  "  I  can't  describe  it  any 
better,  but  when  I  go  home  I  will  send  you  a  picture 
of  it.  The  gas  pipes  that  go  from  the  gasometer  are  not 
so  large  as  the  water  pipes  that  go  from  the  mains,  but 
they  run  along  the  streets  parallel  with  and  sometimes 
above  the  water  pipes,  and  these,  too,  have  small  pipes  run- 
ning from  the  large  ones.  Thus  the  gas  enters  every 
house,  or  almost  every  house,  in  the  city.  Did  you  know 
that  the  gas  and  water  are  both  metered  in  most  cities?" 


INTERIOR  OF  GAS  HOUSE  SHOWING  MAIN  THROUGH 
WHICH  THE  GAS  RUNS 


io6 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


"  What  does  that  mean  ?  "  Andy  asked. 
"Why,   it   means   measured.     You  pay  for  so  many 
cubic  feet  of   gas  or  so  many  gallons  of  water.     Years 
ago  they  did  not  meter  the  water,  but  the  waste  was  so 

great  in  tene- 
ment houses, 
where  ignorant 
people  often  let 
the  water  run 
all  day,  that  a 
meter  system 
was  introduced. 
"Oh!  I  had 

k  WHERE  THE  COKE  is  FORCED  OUT  OF  THE  RETORT      forgotten  to  tell 

you  that  all  our 

city  streets,  public  buildings,  and  many  of  our  residences 
are  lighted  by  electricity.  The  electric  plant  at  home  —  " 

"  What's  an  electric  plant  ?  "  interrupted  Andy.  "  Is  it 
a  vegetable  ? " 

Alice  looked  up  quickly  to  see  if  her  cousin  was 
in  earnest,  but  she  saw  a  merry  twinkle  in  his  eyes  and 
knew  that  he  was  joking. 

"  I  rather  think  you  know  about  the  electric  lighting 
station,  because  you  say  you  understand  dynamos  and 
electrical  machines." 

"  I  don't  believe  I  really  know  anything  about  elec- 
tricity, but  I  think  a  good  deal  about  it,  Alice.  I  want 


A  MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY  107 

to  be  an  electrician,  but  my  father  says  I  must  go  to  college 
first  so  as  to  be  an  '  all-round '  man.  I  shall  be  very  old 
before  I  really  get  to  work.  I  am  fifteen  now,  and  it  will 
take  ten  years  to  get  me  ready  to  begin  at  the  'foot  of 
the  ladder,'  father  says." 

"  I  am  fifteen,  too,"  Alice  rejoined. 


A  CITY  POWER  HOUSE 

"  Do  all  the  boys  and  girls  in  your  home  know  as 
much  about  city  interests  as  you  do?" 

"  Why,  yes,  I  think  so,"  she  replied  modestly.  "  Chil- 
dren can't  help  knowing  something  about  the  water 
works  and  gas  and  electricity,  because  they  are  the 
necessities  of  our  life.  Then  the  public  school  boys, 
and  even  the  girls,  have  opportunities  to  watch  the 
excavations  and  construction  of  these  great  city  systems. 


io8 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


It  sometimes  seems  as  if  our  streets  were  being  paved 
and  repaved  constantly,  because  of  the  necessary  recon- 
struction, or  new  pipe  laying." 

Just  then  a  great  gong  struck,  and  Andy  told  Alice 
that  it  meant  dinner  for  the  farm  hands.  "  Our  dinner 
will  be  ready  before  long,"  he  added,  as  he  jumped  up 
from  the  grass. 

As  Alice  walked  beside  him  to  the  house,  Andy  ejacu- 
lated, "  Oh,  cousin,  I  feel  so  ignorant  of  the  great  world 

ahead  of  me  !  " 

"  Don't  say  that, 
Andy,"  Alice  an- 
swered. "  I  wish  I 
had  been  brought 
up  on  a  farm  and 
had  grown  strong 
with  the  opportu- 
nity to  live  an  out- 
door life;  then  I 
should  know  some- 
thing about  nature.  Think  of  all  the  things  I  don't 
know  that  are  like  A,  B,  C  to  you ! " 

"  Perhaps  you  are  right,  cousin,  but  I  am  glad  you  are 
here  on  the  farm  with  me  now." 
"  So  am  I,"  the  girl  replied. 


A  GUSH  OF  WATER  FROM  A  DRIVEN  WELL 


A   MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY 


109 


Have  you  a  Water  Board  in  your  town  or  city  ? 

Is  your  lighting  system  controlled  by  your  town  or 
city,  or  by  private  corporations  ? 

Why  is  it  so  important  that  a  city  should  have 
the  best  water  supply  in  quantity  as  well  as  quality? 


PIPE  DRAWING  WATER  FROM  DRIVEN  WELLS 

Why  are  the  street,  sewer,  and  fire  departments  so 
closely  connected  with  the  water  department? 

In  what  way  can  school  children  materially  help  the 
water  department  ? 

Write  a  little  story  describing  a  city  with  the  water 
supply  shut  off  for  two  whole  days.  Think  not  only  of 
the  dreadful  things  that  would  happen,  but  of  the  things 
that  men  and  women  would  have  to  do  in  order  to  find 
a  substitute  for  water. 


IIO 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


Write  a  story  describing  a  city  or  town  in  which  all 
the  gas  and  electrical  supplies  are  shut  off,  and  imagine 

what  would  happen. 
Let  your  imagina- 
tion picture  what 
the  citizens  would 
do  at  once  in  order 
to  get  light  without 
the  aid  of  the  great 
systems. 

Why  is  the  boy 
or  girl  on  the  farm 
so    much   better 
able  to  live  hap- 
pily without  these  conveniences  than  the  city  boy  or  girl  ? 
Do  you  know  of  any  village  where  these  conveniences 
are  being  introduced,  and  if  so,  why  it  is  wise  to  intro- 
duce them? 


WATER  DISCHARGING  FROM  DRIVEN  WELL 


VOCABULARY  —  THE  CITY  LIGHTING  DEPARTMENT 


gas 

gasometer 

gasoline 

explosion 

meter 

converter 


underground  lines 

batteries 

dynamo 

carbons 

fuse 

incandescent 


mantel 
burners 
transmitters 
insulators 
dead  wires 
live  wires 


A   MUNICIPAL   INTERESTS   STORY 


III 


nitrogen 
reservoirs 
engine 
pumping  station 


VOCABULARY  —  THE  WATER  BOARD 

oxygen  sprinklers 

sediment  standpipe 

hydrant  conduit 

low  service  fountain 


evaporation 


high  service 


water  meters 


OFFICIAL   TERMS    AND    DUTIES 
MUNICIPAL  INTERESTS 

Water  Board  or  Water  Commissioner :  The  official  or  officials  who 
have  control  of  the  city  supply  of  water. 

Superintendent  of  Sewerage  or  Sewerage  Commission  :  The  official 
or  officials  who  have  control  of  the  city's  sewerage. 

City  Lighting  Department  or  Commissioner  of  City  Lighting :  The 
official  or  officials  who  have  control  of  the  city  lighting :  either  of 
the  gas  or  electricity,  or  of  both,  if  the  city  owns  these  important 
works. 


A   JUVENILE    COURT   STORY 

"Wno  do  you  think  will  get  the  gold  prize?  "  asked 
Mary  Baxter  of  her  brother  Ralph,  as  the  two  children 
walked  toward  their  home  from  school.  It  was  the  last 
day  of  recitations  for  the  year,  and  they  were  carrying 
with  them  a  curious  collection  of  odds  and  ends,  which 
Ralph  called  a  "  regular  museum  of  fine  arts." 

"  I  think  Joe  Blake  will  get  it,"  Mary  continued ;  "  he 
has  been  a  real  worker  the  whole  year." 

"  I  don't,"  Ralph  replied,  stooping  to  pick  up  a  writ- 
ing pad  which  Mary  had  dropped.  "  No,  I  rather 
think  Jake  Swan  will  win.  Jake  has  done  wonders  ever 
since  last  Thanksgiving.  Besides,  the  gold  prize  has 
always  been  given  for  greatest  improvement  in  conduct 


112 


A   JUVENILE   COURT   STORY  113 

as  well  as  scholarship.  Joe  Blake  couldn't  improve  in 
conduct.  He  is  always  as  good  as  good  can  be." 

"  Well,  perhaps  you  are  right,"  Mary  spoke  thought- 
fully. "  I  do  wish  Jake  could  win  it.  It  would  be  such 
a — -  oh,  I  don't  know  what  to  call  it!  only  I  know  he 
would  keep  on  trying  more  if  he  had  such  encourage- 
ment. Just  think,  it  was  only  a  year  ago  that  every- 
body thought  Jake  was  going  to  grow  into  a  wicked 
man ! " 

"  Well,  it  is  all  Judge  Benson's  doings.  He  has 
saved  Jake  —  everybody  says  so,"  Ralph  rejoined. 

"  Judge  Benson  and  Jake  himself.  It  took  the  some- 
thing good  in  Jake  to  get  the  good  out  of  Judge  Ben- 
son's advice,"  Mary  added. 

"  Why,  of  course  !  "  said  Ralph.  "  There  is  good 
in  almost  everybody,  way  down,  if  it  is  only  helped." 

Jake  Swan  did  win  the  gold  prize.  Do  you  wonder 
that  he  was  proud  ?  Let  me  tell  you  about  the  boy. 

Jake's  father  worked  in  a  saloon  down  at  Seven 
Points,  and  Seven  Points  was  the  worst  district  in  the 
city.  Jake  had  never  known  a  mother's  love.  He 
sometimes  wondered  what  his  mother  would  have  been 
like;  but  he  .did  not  wonder  often,  because  he  was  so 
busy  going  to  school  and  selling  newspapers  in  the 
Square  at  night.  When  Jake  was  ten  years  old,  his 
father  died  suddenly.  The  saloon  keeper,  thinking  it 
would  be  a  kindness,  offered  Jake  a  home  in  the  saloon. 


LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


He  was  to  run  errands  after  school  hours  in  exchange 
for  a  bed  and  his  board.  He  had  no  home ;  somebody 
must  take  care  of  him  ;  and  so  Jake  went  to  the  saloon 

and  became  the  "Mascot  of 
Floyd's  Gilt  Edge  Bar  Room," 
as  the  newspaper  boys  called 
him. 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that 
all  his  life  he  had  come  and 
gone  behind  the  bar  with  his 
father,  he  now  had  errands 
to  do,  in  relation  to  the  sa- 
loon, that  at  first  made  his 
young  heart  ache  with  shame 
and  regret.  He  saw  bad  men 
and  bad  women  doing  sinful 
deeds  and  rejoicing  in  their 
sins.  However,  because 
everybody  around  him  was 
bad,  he  soon  began  to  believe 
that  the  world  was  made  up 
of  nothing  but  wrongdoing, 
notwithstanding  the  stories 
he  read  in  school  and  the 

talks  he  had  with  his  teachers.  Jake  positively  liked 
to  tell  lies,  and  draw  on  his  big  imagination.  The  boys 
said  that  nobody  could  tell  such  lies  as  Jake.  He  grew 


A  BOY  FROM  THE  STREET  WHOSE 

CHARACTER  is  BEING  FORMED 
BY  GOOD  INFLUENCES 


A  JUVENILE   COURT  STORY  115 

stout,  and  soon  became  the  biggest  fighter  in  the  set  of 
followers  who,  with  him  as  leader,  made  up  a  "gang." 
Playing  truant  from  school  was  an  offense  that  would 
soon  have  become  a  habit,  but  a  worse  fate  was  before 
Jake.  One  night  he  stole  a  pocket-book  from  a  table 
in  the  saloon  where  its  owner  had  left  it.  He  was 
detected  in  the  act,  a  summons  was  drawn  up,  and  the 
next  morning  Jake  Swan  stood  in  the  dock. 

It  was  "  Juvenile  Court  Day  "  and  Judge  Benson  sat  at 
the  court  room  desk  reading  a  document.  Jake  watched 
him  for  a  few  moments,  and  then  his  mind  wandered 
away  from  the  court  room.  He  remembered  that  he 
had  once  had  a  mother.  What  would  his  mother  say  to 
him  if  she  had  lived  ?  He  was  not  yet  fourteen  years 
old  and  already  a  thief !  He  dropped  his  head  on  his 
chest,  and  the  words  that  formed  in  his  mind  were :  "  I 
am  glad  now  that  I  have  no  mother.  She  would  be  sick 
with  shame  ! " 

When  Jake's  name  was  called  he  stepped  forward  and 
waited.  The  judge  looked  at  him,  and  taking  off  his 
spectacles,  said :  "  You  look  like  a  boy  who  is  bright 
enough  to  earn  money  instead  of  stealing  it.  Should 
you  like  to  go  on  a  farm  and  really  work,  work  so  hard 
that  you  would  want  to  go  to  sleep  when  the  chickens 
go  to  roost  ?  " 

Something  came  over  Jake;  perhaps  it  was  due  to 
the  kindness  in  the  judge's  face  or  to  his  fatherly  way 


n6 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


of  speaking.  Jake's  throat  seemed  to  grow  small  and 
his  voice  sounded  very  hoarse,  but  he  answered  the 
judge :  "  Why,  yes,  sir.  Yes,  I'd  be  glad  to  go  away, 
anywhere  you  say,  sir." 


A  PLEASANT  HOME  FOR  THE  BOY  WHO  is  SENT  INTO  THE  COUNTRY 

Then  Judge  Benson  took  up  the  report  which  lay 
before  him  on  the  desk.  As  he  glanced  over  its  type- 
written face,  he  talked  half  to  himself  and  half  to  Jake. 
"  The  probation  officer  says  that  this  boy  has  no  home ; 
that  he  has  never  known  a  mother's  care  ;  that  for  four 
years  he  has  had  no  father.  He  sleeps  in  a  saloon  and 
eats  in  a  back  room  with  the  waiting  men.  This  is  his 


A  JUVENILE    COURT   STORY  117 

first  appearance  before  a  court.  Do  you  know,  Jake,  I 
think  you  have  not  had  your  chance  as  yet.  I  am 
wondering  how  you  have  pulled  along  for  four  years 
without  a  real  friend." 

Jake  was  silent.  He  had  heard  that  the  new  judge 
had  established  this  Juvenile  Court  and  that  he  believed 
in  children.  He  waited  for  his  verdict. 

"  Mr.  Slater  is  our  probation  officer."  The  boy  did 
not  take  his  eyes  from  the  judge's  face.  "  Mr.  Slater,  I 
think  we  won't  send  Jake  away  to  a  farm.  He  needs 
to  stay  with  his  friends  right  here  in  the  city. 

"  And  now,  Jake,  Mr.  Slater  expects  to  be  one  of  your 
friends,  and  I  am  going  to  be  another.  Then  your 
teacher  is  going  to  be  the  third,  if  she  is  the  woman  I 
hope  she  is.  You  will  have  a  card  given  to  you  by  Mr. 
Slater,  who  will  explain  what  it  means,  and  once  a  week 
you  will  report  to  him  with  the  card  so  that  he  may 
make  a  record  as  to  your  progress.  Then  Miss  Brown 
will  have  another  card,  which  will  be  a  daily  report, 
recording  your  school  attendance  and  behavior.  I  my- 
self will  not  give  you  a  card ;  instead,  you  will  just 
belong  to  my  '  crowd,'  and  you  may  come  to  me  for 
advice  any  time  you  wish.  Perhaps  once  in  two  weeks 
you  will  come,  anyway,  just  to  remind  yourself  that  I  am 
your  friend.  Very  soon  Mr.  Slater  will  find  you  a  better 
home  than  a  saloon.  Now  we'll  shake  hands,  Jake." 

That  was  how  it  happened  that  Jake  Swan  became 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

another  boy  in  everything  except  his  curly  hair  and  black 
eyes.  In  fact,  his  very  body  seemed  to  grow  just  as  his 
spirit  did,  because  he  carried  himself  in  more  manly 
fashion.  You  see  he  tried  to  stand  straight  and  walk 
as  Judge  Benson  did,  —  though  he  never  told  anybody. 
Yes,  Jake  did  win  the  gold  prize,  a  ten-dollar  gold 
piece.  The  superintendent  of  schools  made  a  speech 


A  PARENTAL  SCHOOL 

that  Jake  will  never  forget,  and  yet  he  did  not  realize 
at  the  time  that  the  boy  of  whom  the  superintendent 
was  speaking  was  himself;  no,  not  until  the  very  close, 
when  Mr.  Hartshorn  said,  "  I  believe  no  boy  ever  de- 
served a  prize  more  than  our  young  friend,  Jake  Swan." 
Jake's  friends  were  all  present  —  the  judge  and  the  pro- 
bation officer,  as  well  as  Miss  Brown  and  the  boys  and 
girls,  Ralph  and  Mary  Baxter  among  the  others.  They 


A  JUVENILE   COURT  STORY 


119 


all  believed  in  Jake.  But  best  of  all,  Jake  now  believes 
in  himself.  He  feels  sure  that  he  will  keep  true  to  his 
resolutions  to  be  a  good  man,  even  if  he  cannot  be  a 
great  one,  like  his  hero,  the  judge  of  the  Juvenile  Court. 

In  Chicago  there  is  published  a  paper  whose  title 
is  the  Juvenile  Court  Record.  Its  motto  reads,  "  It  is 
wiser  and  less  expensive  to  save  children  than  to  punish 
criminals."  Let  us  think  about  this  statement.  When 
a  child's  surroundings  are  unfortunate  or  even  vicious, 
what  can  the  children  who  go  to  school  with  him  do 
to  better  that  child's  con- 
dition ? 

Here  are  some  of  the 
objects  of  the  Juvenile 
Court  laws:  To  see  that 
children  on  probation 
are  kept  in  their  own 
homes,  if  they  are  good 
homes  where  proper  care 
and  training  to  help  the  child  can  be  given;  to 
combat  the  negative  influence  of  bad  surroundings  by 
forming  a  society  where  boys  can  have  access  to  libraries, 
reading  rooms,  and  baths ;  to  provide  for  homelike  deten- 
tion houses  instead  of  jails ;  to  hold  parents  and  guardians 
responsible  for  children's  offenses,  where  through  neglect 
or  immoral  influence  the  children  have  broken  the  law. 


THE  WORKSHOP  OF  A  PARENTAL 
SCHOOL 


I2O 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


Judge  Lindsey  of  Denver,  Colorado,  defines  the  aim  of 
the  Juvenile  courts  when  he  says  that  their  efforts  are 
not  so  much  toward  reforming  as  toward  forming  childish 
character. 


Why  is  it  wiser  to  use  a  summons  rather  than  a  war- 
rant for  arrest  with  children  ? 


PARENTAL  SCHOOLBOYS  AT  WORK  IN  WINTER 

In  some  cities  boys  and  girls  under  arrest  with  older 
persons  are  conveyed  to  prison  in  separate  conveyances 
as  well  as  detained  in  separate  rooms.  Why  should 
every  city  take  these  precautions  ? 

Why  are  the  probation  cards  often  given  to  the  teacher 
to  care  for  instead  of  to  an  officer  or  guardian  ? 


A  JUVENILE   COURT  STORY 


121 


Have  you  in  your  state  many  industrial  institutions 
or  schools  for  wayward  boys  and  girls  ? 

In  these  parental  schools  and  reform  schools  what 
trades  are  often  taught? 

How  do  charity  associations  cooperate  with  the  Juve- 
nile Court  in -your  city  or  state? 

What   is    the   difference    between    punishment   as   a 


A  HOSPITAL  AT  A  PARENTAL  SCHOOL 

"  means  of  correction "  and  punishment  "  for  a  deed 
committed  "? 

How  can  this  spirit  of  helpfulness  be  carried  out  in 
the  schoolroom  ? 

This  is  what  Theodore  Roosevelt  says  of  the  Juvenile 
Court:  "The  work  of  the  Juvenile  Court  is  really  a  work 
of  character  building.  It  is  now  generally  recognized 
that  young  boys  and  young  girls  who  go  wrong  should 
not  be  treated  as  criminals,'  not  even  necessarily  as 
needing  reformation,  but  rather  as  needing  to  have  their 


122 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


characters  formed,  and  for  this  end  to  have  them  tested 
and  developed  by  a  system  of  probation." 


A  PARENTAL  SCHOOL  KITCHEN  WHERE  THE  BOYS  ARE 

TAUGHT   TO   COOK 


VOCABULARY  —  THE  JUVENILE  COURT 


juvenile  court 

probation 

summons 

detention 

guardianship 

absentees 


truants 

warrant 

complaint 

magistrate 

custody 

industrial  school 


sentence 

environment 

reformatory 

refuge 

rescue  homes 

institutional  home 


A  JUVENILE  COURT  STORY 


123 


IN  THE  CARPENTERS'  SHOP  OF  A  PARENTAL  SCHOOL 


OFFICIAL   TERMS   AND   DUTIES 
THE  JUVENILE  COURT 

Juvenile  Court  Judge :  The  judicial  executive  who  passes  judgment 
upon  juvenile  cases  before  the  law. 

Probation  Officer :  The  court  official  appointed  to  keep  in  close  com- 
munication with  a  "  delinquent  "  through  a  report  system.  His  work 
is  to  form  character  in  the  offender  as  well  as  to  reform  it. 

Detention  House  Officers  :  The  superintendent  and  matron,  with  their 
assistants,  who  have  care  of  "delinquents." 

Officials  of  the  Industrial  School:  These  officers  are  at  the  heads 
of  reform  schools  for  boys  and  girls,  where  trades  are  taught. 


A    CAUCUS    AND     ELECTION    AND    INAU- 
GURATION   STORY 

(From  a  Boy's  Diary) 

August  6,  fpoj.  —  Uncle  John  took  me  to  the  primary 
—  that's  the  caucus  in  a  ward  of  a  big  city.  When  we 
lived  in  the  country  we  never  called  a  caucus  a  primary. 

The  men  of  our  ward  were  all  standing  about  when 
Uncle  John  and  I  arrived.  Some  were  talking  loudly, 
others  whispering,  but  everybody  seemed  excited.  By 
and  by  Mr.  Smith,  chairman  of  the  city  committee,  called 
the  meeting  to  order,  and  Uncle  John  was  made  moder- 
ator. Uncle  John  expected  to  be  made  moderator.  The 

124 


A    CAUCUS,    ELECTION,   AND    INAUGURATION    STORY     125 

reason  he  took  me  to  the  primary  was  so  that  I  might 
better  understand  party  organization  and  the  work  of  a 
political  committee.  He  had  already  told  me  that  there 
would  be  no  voters  of  the  opposite  party  at  this  primary. 
They  meet  in  another  caucus,  on  another  night.  Every 
caucus  of  a  political  party  has  to  be  called  by  a  legal  or 
printed  notice,  and  any  registered  voter  may  take  part 
in  it  if  he  is  willing  to  take  an  oath  that  he  belongs  to 
the  political  party  which  has  called  the  caucus.  If  any- 
body doubts  his  statement,  the  voter  may  be  challenged, 
and  must  then  take  the  oath  and  put  it  on  record. 
There  is  a  check  list  of  all  the  voters,  and  this  is  used  in 
balloting;  if  a  man  had  been  careless  and  had  forgotten 
to  have  his  name  placed  upon  the  check  list,  he  could 
not  vote. 

The  first  business  of  the  caucus  last  night  was 
that  of  choosing  a  chairman  and  secretary  and  other 
such  officers,  including  a  treasurer.  This  caucus  also 
had  to  choose  delegates  to  the  state  convention,  as  well 
as  a  warden,  a  clerk,  and  five  inspectors.  They  also 
talked  over  the  way  to  bring  out  sentiment  in  favor  of 
their  party  throughout  the  city.  I  was  surprised  to  find 
that  every  man  who  wished  to  run  as  a  candidate  had 
to  pay  a  sum  of  money.  Uncle  John  says  it  varies  in 
different  cities  and  for  different  positions.  Here  in  our 
city,  if  a  man  does  not  receive  his  nomination  after  all, 
the  money  is  returned  in  full,  but  in  some  places  only  a 


126 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


part  of  his  money  is  made  good,  and  of  course  he  may 
not  be  elected  even  after  he  is  nominated. 

The  balloting  had  to  close  at  half  past  eight.  I  was 
allowed  to  walk  up  and  watch  the  exact  way  in  which 
the  voter  makes  out  his  ballot.  First  of  all,  I  noticed 


INTERIOR  OF  POLLING  PLACE 

that  the  ballot  has  an  official  heading  with  the  party 
name.  On  the  back  and  outside  of  each  ballot  is  printed 
"Official  Ballot  of  the  -  Party,"  and  this  is  fol- 

lowed by  the  number  of  the  ward,  the  date  of  the  caucus, 
and  a  facsimile  of  the  signature  of  the  secretary.  The 


A   CAUCUS,    ELECTION,    AND    INAUGURATION    STORY     127 


names  of  the  candidates  for  each  elective  office  are 
arranged  alphabetically  according  to  their  surnames, 
and  the  names  of  the  candidates  for  caucus  offices  are 
arranged  in  groups,  also  alphabetically.  Against  the 
name  of  each  candidate  was  printed  the  statement  con- 
tained in  his  nomination  paper.  The  nomination  papers 
had  already  been  in  circulation  for  two  weeks.  A  state- 
ment against  the  name  had  to  be  written,  in  not  more 
than  eight  words,  describing  the  candi- 
date's qualifications  for  the  office. 

I  walked  up  with  Mr.  Gray,  father's 
partner,  and  he  took  the  ballot  and 
marked  a  cross  against  the  names  of 
those  candidates  for  whom  he  wished 
to  vote.  When  he  came  to  the  sheriff's 
name  he  crossed  it  out  and  wrote  in 
another.  This  was  legal,  though  very 
few  voters  make  changes  in  the  nomi- 
nation ballot.  After  the  polls  were 
closed  the  voters  stood  near,  within 
three  feet  of  the  rail,  and  watched  the  inspectors  count  the 
votes;  then  Uncle  John,  the  moderator,  made  a  public 
announcement  of  the  candidates  elected.  Immediately 
began  a  discussion  about  the  nomination  for  sheriff, 
because  many  had  scratched  out  the  printed  name,  fol- 
lowing Mr.  Gray's  method  of  writing  in  the  name  of  his 
own  candidate.  It  was  found;  however,  that  a  majority 


128  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

had  voted  for  the  regular  candidate.  The  clerk  made  a 
copy  of  the  record  of  votes,  certified  and  sealed  it,  and 
made  the  package  ready  to  send  to  the  election  com- 
missioners at  the  Capitol,  the  warden  and  the  clerk 
having  endorsed  the  package  in  the  meanwhile. 

I  must  say  I  was  sleepy  when  it  was  all  over,  and  glad 
enough  to  get  out  of  the  ward  house  and  breathe  the 
fresh  air.  I  said  to  Uncle  John,  "  There's  lots  more 
4  liberty  '  out  of  doors  than  there  is  in  such  a  place  as 


a  caucus." 


He  laughed  and  answered :  "  Still,  we  have  to  be 
cooped  up  in  just  such  stuffy  places  as  this,  in  order  to 
organize  and  arrange  matters  so  that  big  and  little  citi- 
zens, such  as  you  and  I  are,  may  have  a  smoothly  run- 
ning city  to  live  in  by  day  and  night.  We  must  have 
law  in  order  to  enforce  peace,  my  boy.  Do  you  see  ?  " 

I  was  so  sleepy  that  I  did  not  care  much  ;  I  just 
wanted  to  get  home.  But  the  more  I  thought  about 
it  this  morning,  the  more  I  realized  how  necessary  it  is  to 
have  just  such  legal  meetings  to  make  sure  that  the  peo- 
ple shall  have  a  chance  to  select  the  men  that  they  wish 
for  their  candidates.  In  many  states  a  boss  makes  up 
all  the  tickets,  and  nobody  can  be  nominated  unless  the 
boss  consents. 

December  6,  spoj.  —  The  excitement  has  begun  .over 
the  election  of  the  mayor.  The  delegates  elected  by  the 
caucus  held  committees  and  nominated  father's  friend, 


A  CAUCUS,   ELECTION,  AND   INAUGURATION    STORY    129 

Mr.  Gray.  His  friends  have  spent  a  great  deal  of  money 
on  "  campaign  literature,"  which  sets  forth  the  waste  of 
funds  by  the  city's  last  administration,  showing  that  the 
whole  policy  of  the  other  party  is  wasteful  and  that 
the  present  mayor  is  weak.  Early  in  October  both 
national  committees  published  campaign  text-books, 


ELECTION  DAY 

which  have  been  in  circulation  all  over  the  city.  Of 
course  they  have  nothing  to  do  with  our  city  officials 
of  either  party,  but  they  set  forth  the  principles  of  each 
party,  and  that  helps,  because  it  proves  to  all  the  fol- 
lowers of  each  party  that  theirs  is  the  one  honest  and 
good  party. 


130 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


I  don't  see  how  the  parties  dare  to  call  each  other 
such  names,  but  they  do,  and  nobody  seems  to  mind. 
Hundreds  and  hundreds  of  dollars  have  been  spent  on 
little  pamphlets  containing  the  story  of  city  interests. 
Photographs  of  the  mayor-elect  and  some  of  the  alder- 
men have  been  left  at  everybody's  door,  and  there  have 
been  public  meetings,  with  men  from  out  of  town  to  make 
speeches  in  favor  of  good  government. 

December  14,  1903.  —  Yesterday  was  election  day,  and 
such  a  time  as  we  had !  Father  let  me  go  with  Uncle 

John  to  the  city 
committee  rooms 
to  watch  the  work 
at  headquarters. 

There  are  nine 
wards  in  our  city, 
and  the  polling 
booths  were  closed 
at  four  o'clock; 
but  the  check  lists 
were  not  made  up 

and  sent  to  the  City  Hall  before  seven ;  so  we  had  a 
long  time  to  wait  after  that,  before  we  knew  which  way 
the  vote  had  gone.  It  was  pretty  close,  and  in  one 
ward  there  was  so  much  challenging  that  it  was  ten 
o'clock  before  the  inspectors  were  able  to  seal  their 
check  lists  and  send  in  the  result. 


BELATED  VOTERS 


A  CAUCUS,   ELECTION,   AND   INAUGURATION   STORY    131 


I  had  no  idea  until  to-day  that  people  could  care  so 
much  about  getting  out  the  voters.  Our  city  committee 
hired  one  hundred  hacks  and  not  only  carried  old  men 
and  invalids  to  the  polling  houses,  but  after  three  o'clock 


CITY    OF    BOSTON. 

Specimen  Ballot  for  Ward  1,  Precinct  1,  Boston,  December  12,  19O5. 


Vote  for  a  Person  mark  a  Cross  |X|  in  Square  at  right  of  Name  and  Designation. 


for  SEVE.1 :   ;  ran  SCHOOL  COMMITTEE  (3  T ears).   v»t»  far  TWO 


JSTREET  COMMISSIONER. 


COUNCIL.       Vote  for  THB£E 


H ;  ;'j  „„  SCHOOL  COMMITTEE  (I  Yearsl.   v«o  for  TWO 


Llf««  IttMVUM.UID: 


n»  SCHOOL  COMMITTEE  0  tear).      vae fa  OBI 


A  SPECIMEN  BALLOT 

in  the  afternoon  they  telephoned  to  a  great  many  voters 
who  had  not  appeared  ;  they  would  not  risk  their  forget- 
ting to  appear  till  too  late. 

In  our  city  the  women  vote  for  the  School  Committee, 
and  when  our  party  found  that  the  other  men  were 
urging  their  women  voters  to  appear  at  the  polls,  our  city 


132 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


committee  sent  barges  right  and  left,  up  and  down  the 
streets  to  give  free  rides  .to  the  ladies.  Every  woman 
who  was  on  the  check  list  not  only  could  reach  her  own 
polling  place  with  great  ease,  but  she  had  the  fun  of  a 
sleighride  all  through  the  city  if  she  wished  it.  It  was 
the  first  time  either  party  had  tried  to  bring  out  the 

women  voters,  and  when 
it  was  all  over  both  parties 
discovered  that  exactly  the 
same  number  of  women 
voted  in  the  Democratic 
wards  as  in  the  Republi- 
can. So,  after  all,  calling 
out  the  vote  of  the  women 
really  didn't  make  much 
difference. 

The  method  of  voting  at 
the  polling  places  is  much 
like  that  at  the  caucus. 
At  each  precinct  there 
was  a  check  list  of  legal  voters  and  inspectors  and  clerks. 
The  full  Australian  ballot  system  was  in  use  at  the  election. 
Every  official  candidate's  name  was  on  the  ballot  given 
to  voters,  and  beyond  the  rail  were  six  little  booths  so 
arranged  that  a  man  voting  in  one  booth  could  not  see 
his  neighbor's  ballot.  The  ballot  contained  the  names 
of  all  the  candidates,  and  the  voter  put  a  cross  after  the 


A  GROUP  OF  POLITICIANS 


A   CAUCUS,    ELECTION,   AND    INAUGURATION    STORY    133 


name  of  the 
man  for  whom 
he  wished  to 
vote.  In  some 
places  you  can 
vote  a  "straight 
ticket"  for  all 
the  candi- 
dates  of  one  or 
another  party 
by  writing  a 
cross  in  an  up- 
per circle,  and 
in  some  places 
there  are  voting 
machines.  The 
expenses  of  this 
election  seemed 
to  me  to  mean 
a  good  deal  of 
money,  but 
father  says  that 
in  other  cities 
it  costs  a  good 
deal  more  than 
here,  where 
things  can  be 


I 


G 


I 


III 


lit 


a 


Bi 


1 


I 


134  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

simpler,  because  our  population  is  only  one  hundred 
thousand. 

In  a  great  city  like  New  York,  where  there  are  about 
nine  hundred  thousand  voters,  politics  are  not  so  simple. 
Campaign  literature  is  not  so  useful,  and  personal 
conversations  do  more  good,  so  that  a  great  many  men 
are  required  to  go  about  among  the  ignorant  and  unin- 
formed citizens  in  order  to  create  an  interest  in  the 
election. 

January  2,  1904.  —  Until  I  studied  the  machinery  of 
political  government,  I  did  not  understand  that  there  was 
a  great  deal  to  be  done  after  election  day.  First  of  all, 
in  two  wards  the  vote  was  very  close  and  a  recount  was 
asked  for,  and  that  took  two  whole  days,  but  it  did  not 
change  the  result.  Mr.  Gray  was  elected.  Then,  ever 
since  election  day  the  winning  party  has  been  getting 
ready  for  the  inauguration  of  the  mayor. 

Yesterday  morning  Uncle  John  took  me  to  the  City 
Hall  and  into  the  gallery  of  the  aldermanic  chamber. 
Great  bouquets  of  flowers  had  already  been  sent  and  were 
upon  the  desks  of  the  new  aldermen,  as  well  as  upon  the 
large  desk  on  the  platform  where  the  exercises  of  inaug- 
uration were  to  take  place. 

At  ten  o'clock  the  minister  and  the  judge  of  the  police 
court  came  down  the  aisle  of  the  room  accompanied  by 
the  president  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen.  Just  behind 
them  were  the  outgoing  mayor,  Mr.  Bryant,  and  the 


A   CAUCUS,    ELECTION,   AND   INAUGURATION   STORY    135 

incoming  mayor,  Mr.  Gray.  These  were  followed  by  the 
aldermen,  and  then  a  great  many  of  the  City  Council  and 
city  officials  crowded  into  the  room,  standing  or  sitting 
as  best  they  could.  Most  of  the  guests  sat  in  the  gallery 
where  we  were. 

After  the  prayer, 
the  chairman  of  the 
ward  called  upon 
the  judge  to  admin- 
ister the  oath  of 
office  to  Mayor 
Gray,  who  then  de- 
livered a  formal 
address  as  mayor 
to  his  council,  in 
which  he  set  forth 
his  own  policy  for  the  city  government,  as  well  as  the 
great  principles  of  the  party  that  had  elected  him.  I 
had  never  seen  an  inauguration  before,  and  it  seemed 
very  dignified. 

One  reads  in  the  paper  a  great  deal  about  city  corrup- 
tion and  the  wrongdoing  of  officials.  I  wonder  if  politics, 
in  themselves,  do  corrupt  officials,  or  whether  it  is  the 
men  outside  the  government  who  are  continually  tempt- 
ing the  officials  to  use  their  positions  to  work  for  them.  I 
didn't  think  of  that  myself  until  Uncle  John  said  that  he 
thought  the  man  who  kept  offering  bribes  was  perhaps 


THE  INAUGURATION  OF  A  MAYOR 


136  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS  . 

quite  as  bad  as  the  man  who  sometimes  fell  through 
temptation. 

Just  as  soon  as  the  mayor's  speech  was  over,  a  great 
many  office-seekers  were  standing  in  line  to  meet  the 
new  mayor,  and  he  had  to  slip  away  from  the  City  Hall, 
or  he  would  have  done  nothing  else  the  greater  part  of 
the  day  but  talk  with  men  who  expected  that,  because 
they  had  voted  for  him,  they  were  entitled  to  some 
appointment,  whether  they  knew  anything  about  the 
office  and  whether  the  man  already  in  the  position  was 
doing  his  .duty  or  not. 

The  mayor's  power  to  appoint  officers  is  his  greatest 
mark  of  authority ;  yet  father  thinks  men  dread  this  re- 
sponsibility more  than  anything  else.  In  some  cities  the 
mayor's  power  is  so  great  that  the  appointment  of  of- 
ficials is  not  even  subject  to  ratification.  As  the  execu- 
tive of  the  city  the  mayor's  greatest  weapon  is  his  veto 
power,  which  tends  to  prevent  excessive  use  of  money 
by  the  council,  and  to  prevent  measures  which  he  con- 
siders unwise  or  a  menace  to  public  welfare.  In  some 
cities  a  mayor  is  but  a  figurehead  in  comparison  with  the 
Board  of  Aldermen  and  councilors.  In  our  city,  how- 
ever, the  charter  gives  great  power  to  the  mayor,  and  I 
do  hope  Mr.  Gray  will  be  able  to  execute  his  office  with 
force  and  clearheadedness. 

Father  explained  to  me  last  evening-  what  "  parties " 
mean.  A  political  party  is  in  its  form  simply  a  society 


A   CAUCUS,    ELECTION,   AND    INAUGURATION    STORY    137 

of  men  who  come  together  in  order  to  direct  in  an  intel- 
ligent manner  the  management  of  political  campaigns 
and  elections,  setting  forth  by  speeches  or  written  or 
printed  matter  the  principles  and  policy  which  they  mean 
to  follow.  Although  these  men  as  an  association  are  not 
able  to  contract  debts  or  to  enforce  their  rights  by  law- 
suits, they  are  very  great  forces  in  the  country.  The  two 
most  important  parties  are  the  Republican  and  the  Demo- 
cratic. Then  there  are  the  Socialists,  the  Prohibitionists, 
and  other  smaller  political  parties,  such  as  labor,  good  gov- 
ernment, and  reform  parties,  citizens'  leagues,  and  so  on. 
These  great  parties  meet  every  year  and  appoint 
national  committees  to  represent  the  country  at  large. 
The  states  each  have  state  committees,  and  there  are 
committees  for  the  congressional  districts  and  city  com- 
mittees and  town  committees.  These  committees  are 
made  up  of  leaders  or  managers,  just  as  in  football  there 
is  a  manager  who  can  accomplish  the  work  of  the  team  by 
careful  and  earnest  supervision.  These  managers  draw 
up  and  discuss  beforehand  what  shall  be  accomplished  at 
conventions,  and  what  platforms  shall  be  brought  before 
the  conventions.  Sometimes  these  city  committees  are 
served  year  in  and  year  out  by  the  same  persons,  who  often 
become  dictators  to  their  party.  Then  they  are  known 
as  "bosses,"  and  instead  of  the  leader  representing  the 
people  and  carrying  out  the  wishes  of  the  people,  this 
political  boss  becomes  a  tyrant,  using  his  great  power 


138  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

not  for  the  good  of  his  party  but  for  the  benefit  of 
himself  and  his  friends.  The  only  weapon  against 
such  boss  government  must  be  the  honest  vote  of  honest 
people.  The  citizens  of  a  municipal  government  are  in 
duty  bound,  for  the  sake  of  their  fellow-citizens,  to  see  to 
it  that  the  municipal  government  is  honestly  carried  on. 


WARD   2.    PRECINCT  1 


A  LIST  OF  QUALIFIED  VOTERS 

If  you  live  in  a  large  city,  do  you  know  whether  your 
wards  are  divided  into  precincts,  and  if  so,  why  ? 

When  your  ward  caucus  is  first  held,  do  the  precincts 
come  together  in  this  primary  ? 


A   CAUCUS,   ELECTION,   AND    INAUGURATION   STORY    139 

What  is  the  "  boss  "  of  a  ward  ? 

Why  are  specimen  ballots  sent  out  to  the  people  to 
examine  ? 

Why  are  not  the  real  ballots  ever  shown  before  the 
hour  of  balloting? 

If  a  voter  puts  a  cross  against  two  names,  one  Demo- 
cratic and  one  Republican,  what  happens  in  the  count  of 
votes  ? 

If  your  city  is  large  enough,  what  other  authorized 
parties  are  there  to  be  voted  for  or  against  on  the 
ballot  ? 

Have  the  Prohibition  or  Socialist  parties  in  your  city 
ever  elected  their  candidates  ? 

Can  you,  in  very  simple  terms,  explain  the  principles 
of  the  Democratic,  the  Republican,  the  Prohibition,  and 
the  Socialist  parties  ? 

Do  you  think  it  is  wiser  to  belong  to  some  party 
organization  and  to  be  enthusiastic  and  take  active  part 
in  it,  or  to  stand  outside  and  criticise  the  work  of  party 
organizations  ? 

Do  you  not  think  that  to  organize  games,  such  as 
football,  basketball,  golf,  tennis,  and  so  forth,  helps  the 
spirit  of  the  game?  Is  it  not  well,  therefore,  to  have 
organizations  in  politics,  and  for  persons  to  group  them- 
selves according  to  their  principles  and  work  in  hearty 
cooperation  ? 

What  makes  a  good  leader  on  a  football  team  ? 


140  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

What  characteristics  will  aid  a  man  who  goes  into 
politics  ? 

Why  are  torchlight  processions  and  rallies  and  stump 
speaking  thought  necessary  to  campaigns  ? 

In  choosing  candidates  for  city  government  is  it  wiser 
to  vote  for  a  party  candidate  or  for  a  man  simply 
because  he  is  likely  to  look  out  for  the  city  interests  ? 
For  instance,  is  it  necessary  in  electing  School  boards  or 
Park  commissions  to  consider  the  political  point  of  view 
of  the  nominees  ? 

How  far  ought  Civil  Service  examinations  to  be  the 
test  for  all  employees  in  municipal  government? 

To  what  extent  are  these  examinations  used  in  your 
town  or  city  ? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  ELECTION  AND  INAUGURATION 

check  list  veto  power  appointive  power 

precinct  registry  ward 

specimen  ballot  inspector  Australian  ballot 

political  party  polling  places  vote 

election  candidate  nomination 

campaign  literature  mayoralty  campaign 

political  machinery  challenge  booths 

inaugural  oath  inauguration  executive 


A   CAUCUS,    ELECTION,   AND    INAUGURATION    STORY     141 

OFFICIAL  TERMS  AND   DUTIES 
THE  CITY  COMMITTEES 

Chairman :  The  official  in  charge  of  the  work  of  the  city  committee. 

The  City  Committee :  Each  important  political  party  has  its  com- 
mittee, appointed  by  a  former  committee,  which  has  in  charge  the 
work  of  nomination  of  candidates ;  the  superintendency  of  polling 
booths;  the  check  lists  of  the  party;  the  distribution  of  specimen 
ballots  ;  the  care  of  campaign  literature  ;  the  engagement  of  stump 
speakers;  and  the  correspondence  with  country,  state,  and  national 
committees. 


A    TOWN    MEETING   STORY 

SPRING  had  come  to  Allston  in  late  March.  Pussy 
willows  were  growing  furry  on  the  bushes  along  the 
highway,  crocuses  poked  through  the  brown  earth  close 
to  the  houses,  and  the  smell  of  the  earth  suggested  that 
soon  the  little  shoots  under  the  soil  would  appear. 

Ever  since  early  morning  people  had  been  coming  in 
wagons,  carts,  carryalls,  and  buggies  into  the  village.  In 
the  sheds  behind  the  churches,  the  citizens  of  Allston 
had  tied  their  horses,  and  then  on  their  way  back  to  the 
Town  Hall  walked  in  little  groups,  discussing  the  im- 
portant business  of  the  day. 

Mary  Martin  wished  that  she  was  a  boy,  so  that  she 
too  could  go  to  the  town  meeting.  There  was  no  school 
because  of  the  spring  vacation,  there  was  no  coasting 
because  the  snow  had  all  melted,  there  was  no  skating, 

142 


A  TOWN    MEETING   STORY  143 

and  it  was  too  early  to  plant  seeds.  After  the  excite- 
ment of  watching  the  arrival  of  the  voters  there  would 
be  nothing  to  do  all  day. 

"  I  wish  I  could  go  with  you,  father,"  Mary  ventured 
to  say,  as  Mr.  Martin  put  on  his  overcoat  and  brushed 
his  best  hat. 

He  reflected  and  replied,  "  You  may  if  you  will  be  a 
good  girl,  and  sit  in  the  gallery  with  the  old  ladies  and 
little  boys."  Mary  jumped  for  joy.  Then  her  mother 
added,  "You  must  wrap  up  warmly,  for  the  hall  may  be 
cold." 

Mary  ran  and  drew  on  her  rubber  boots.  It  would 
be  a  muddy  walk,  even  across  the  village  Common ; 
and,  besides,  boys  wore  rubber  boots!  She  put  on  a 
reefer  and  a  cap.  Somehow  she  felt  that  if  she  was 
going  to  town  meeting,  she  must  not  look  like  a  fine 
little  girl  in  her  best  clothes,  but  quiet  and  simple  and 
sensible  like  the  citizens  themselves  who  represented  the 
farming  district  of  Allston. 

As  they  crossed  the  Common,  Mr.  Martin  asked  his 
little  daughter  how  much  she  knew  about  town  meet- 
ings. "  Oh,  I  don't  know  much,"  Mary  acknowledged, 
skipping  along  with  her  hand  in  his;  "but  I  know  that 
there  is  a  long  list  of  things  on  the  church  door  that 
you  are  going  to  vote  about,  and  it's  signed  by  Sheriff 
Bacon,  because  his  name  is  there." 

"We  call   that  printed  paper  a  warrant,   Mary,"   her 


144  LESSONS    FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

father  said;  "and  it  states  the  business  that  is  to  be 
transacted  to-day.  I  don't  believe  you  will  want  to 
stay  through  both  sessions,  but  I'm  glad  you  wanted 
to  come,  because  now  you'll  know  what  a  town  meet- 
ing is  like.  It  is  the  town  meeting  or  its  equivalent 
throughout  the  United  States  that  makes  the  demo- 
cratic government  of  the  people  which  you  are  studying 
about  in  your  history." 

Mary  listened  attentively.  Then  she  broke  out  with, 
"  Yes,  and  I  learned  in  English  history  that  the  very  first 
government  the  English  people  ever  had  was  the  tun- 
mote,  and  that  the  Saxon  forefathers  who  were  freemen 
and  lived  in  their  hamlets  and  tuns  used  to  get  together 
to  settle  all  their  important  questions.  The  text-book 
says  that  they  used  to  clash  their  arms  on  their  shields 
when  they  meant  '  yea  '  or  '  nay.' v 

"  Good,  Mary,  good !  your  history  is  really  meaning 
something  to  you.  Yes,  our  old  Teutonic  forefathers, 
even  before  they  went  to  Britain,  had  their  out-of-door 
meetings,  and  the  majority  settled  disputes  and  made 
the  common  law  of  the  land." 

"  Their  laws  couldn't  have  been  like  our  laws,  father, 
could  they  ? " 

"  No,  not  exactly,"  Mr.  Martin  replied,  "  and  yet  our 
customs  and  pome  of  our  common  law  have  grown  out 
of  their  early  laws  and  customs.  For  instance,  when 
those  old  fellows  used  to  exchange  land  they  gave  a 


A  TOWN    MEETING   STORY 


145 


piece  of  turf  along  with  it  as  security.  That  custom 
has  simply  developed  into  our  giving  deeds." 

"  Why,  how  interesting,  father !  Do  you  know  of  any 
other  such  custom  ?  " 

"  Yes,  but  here  we  are  at  a  modern  town  meeting.     I 


will  take  you  upstairs.     When  you  want  to  go   home, 
don't  wait  for  me." 

Mary  felt  very  much  impressed  with  her  dignity  as 
her  father  left  her  between  Miss  Brown,  the  school-teacher, 
and  Mrs.  Perkins,  the  one  woman  suffragist  in  the  village. 
She  sat  up  very  straight  and  kept  thinking :  "  I'm  not  a 


146  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

boy,  but  I'm  here!  I'm  not  a  boy,  but  I'm  here!"  By 
and  by  she  overcame  her  nervousness  and  began  to  look 
around.  The  men  had  been  standing  in  little  groups 
when  she  and  her  father  entered,  but  now  they  were 
seated  on  long  benches.  One  of  the  men  on  the  plat- 
form was  calling  the  meeting  to  order. 

Mrs.  Perkins  had  a  copy  of  the  warrant  in  her  hand, 
and  she  whispered  to  the  little  girl,  "  You  see  the  first 
thing  they'll  have  to  do  is  to  choose  a  moderator."  Mary 
watched.  Her  uncle,  John  Ames,  was  the  town  clerk  who 
had  called  them  together.  He  appointed  a  committee, 
called  the  Nominating  Committee,  and  at  once  printed 
ballots  were  distributed  by  this  committee.  Again  there 
was  a  great  deal  of  hubbub  and  discussion  on  the  floor. 
Then  the  balloting  began:  There  was  a  box  into  which 
each  citizen  dropped  his  vote  as  he  filed  past  it.  Two 
men  sat  by  the  box,  and  after  all  the  voters  had  dropped 
in  their  ballots,  the  box  was  opened  and  the  vote  declared. 
Mary  confessed  to  her  mother  afterwards  that  if  it  had 
not  been  for  Mrs.  Perkins's  interest  and  her  own  constant 
conversation  with  Miss  Brown,  she  might  have  found  the 
time  very  long  while  the  vote  was  being  cast. 

As  soon  as  the  moderator  took  his  seat,  one  by  one 
the  articles  of  the  warrant  were  brought  up  for  discus- 
sion. The  first  two  matters  were  dispatched  without 
argument,  and  the  little  girl  felt  that  it  was  evidently  a 
very  simple  thing  to  settle  the  affairs  of  Allston.  But 


A  TOWN   MEETING   STORY  147 

when  the  moderator  read  the  third  article,  Miss  Brown 
laughed  and  said,  "  This  is  what  I  came  for."  Mary 
examined  the  warrant  and  discovered  that  it  was  a  propo- 
sition to  increase  the  appropriation  of  money  for  schools. 
It  also  included  a  phrase  which  indeed  would  appeal  to 
Miss  Brown  and  all  the  teachers  in  Allston.  It  read, 
"  And  all  teachers'  salaries  shall  be  raised  this  year  and 
for  two  succeeding  years."  Already  Miss  Brown's 
cheeks  had  grown  pink,  and  Mrs.  Perkins  had  drawn  her 
end  of  the  bench  up  close  to  the  railing.  Mary  had 
not  noticed  until  now  that  the  gallery  was  filling  up 
with  women  and  children,  and  that  there  was  no  seating 
room  left.  Downstairs,  also,  the  groups  had  increased, 
and  directly  under  the  gallery  the  men's  voices  sounded 
very  loud  as  if  there  was  a  growing  excitement. 

When  the  moderator  finally  brought  about  order  by 
pounding  the  desk  with  the  gavel  over  and  over  again, 
Mary  saw  that  her  own  minister  had  risen  to  his  feet.  A 
moment  later  he  began  to  talk.  She  thought  he  was 
going  to  say  something  to  quiet  the  audience,  as  he  some- 
times did  in  Sunday  School.  Instead,  in  a  very  loud  and 
very  spirited  voice,  he  made  a  speech  upon  education  and 
the  usefulness  of  the  school-teacher  in  the  world.  It  was 
such  an  eloquent  appeal  to  the  men  present  that  Mary 
felt  sure  every  citizen  would  at  once  vote  for  the  passage 
of  the  article.  It  was  therefore  greatly  to  her  amaze- 
ment when  the  kindly  old  deacon  of  the  church  hurried 


148  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

to  his  feet  and,  in  a  less  oratorical  though  none  the  less 
emphatic  manner,  set  forth  the  reasons  why  such  an 
increase  to  the  school  funds  would  be  extravagant, 
unnecessary,  and  even  harmful.  Mary's  breath  was 
fairly  taken  away  by  the  arguments,  each  man's  speech 
was  so  clear,  so  reasonable.  One  presented  the  good 
that  comes  from  education  to  each  child  and  therefore 
to  the  town.  The  other  argued  that  the  schools  of  the 
past  had  turned  out  good  citizens  without  wastefulness 
from  the  town's  purse ;  that  taxes  were  heavy  and 
ought  to  be  kept  down ;  that  a  new  school  was  not 
education,  that  it  was  simply  architecture,  and  if  the 
town  needed  architecture,  a  new  town  hall  was  more 
important  than  a  schoolhouse.  Miss  Brown  looked 
troubled,  Mrs.  Perkins  fanned  herself,  and  Mary  sat  very 
still.  Other  men  made  speeches,  but  Mary  paid  no  atten- 
tion. She  was  trying  to  make  up  her  mind  which  way 
she  would  vote  if  she  were  a  man.  It  was  a  matter  of 
taxes  on  the  one  hand  and  school  advantages  on  the 
other.  She  waited  impatiently  until  she  caught  sight  of 
her  father  and  beckoned  to  him.  In  a  few  moments  Mr. 
Martin  joined  the  party  in  the  gallery  and  said,  "  Do  you 
want  to  go  home  ? "  He  had  supposed  that  was  why 
she  had  beckoned  to  him. 

"  Oh,  no !  but  I  could  not  wait.  I  wanted  to  know 
how  you  feel.  How  are  you  going  to  vote,  father?  " 

Mr.  Martin  smiled. 


A   TOWN    MEETING   STORY 


149 


"  Suppose  I  vote  on  this  article  to  please  you." 

"  Why,  that  wouldn't  be  right,  father !  You  have  to 
vote  honestly  at  a  town  meeting." 

"  Good !  That's  good  civics,  Mary.  Well,  dear,  I'm 
going  to  vote  so  that  Miss  Brown's  salary  shall  be 
raised." 

And  Mr.  Martin  hurried  away  again  with  a  smile  at 
Mary  and  her 
friends,  while  his 
little  daughter  pat- 
ted her  teacher's 
glove  and  whis- 
pered :  "I'm  glad. 
That's  the  way  I 
should  vote,  too." 

When  the  mod- 
erator at  last  tried 

to  bring  the    meet-  A  TYPICAL  TOWN  HALL  IN  A  NEW 

r  ENGLAND  VILLAGE 

ing  to  a  vote,  first 

one  man  and  then  another  put  it  off  by  starting  new 
arguments  against  the  article.  Noon  came  and  still 
nothing  was  settled.  A  motion  was  made  that  the  meet- 
ing should  adjourn  until  after  dinner,  and  the  vote  was 
carried  unanimously.  Then  a  stampeding  followed 
from  both  gallery  and  floor  of  the  house.  Mary  Martin 
ran  across  the  Common  as  fast  as  her  feet  would  carry 
her. 


150  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  Oh,  mother ! "  she  cried,  bursting  into  the  sitting 
room,  "  town  meeting  is  so  exciting,  and  more  important 
than  anything  I  ever  went  to  before.  It  takes  so  much 
thinking  to  decide  which  way  to  vote." 

Mrs.  Martin  smiled  at  the  little  girl's  enthusiasm. 

"  Are  you  going  back  again  ?  "  asked  her  father,  coming 
in  a  moment  later. 

"  Yes,  indeed  !  I  shall  stay  until  everything  is  over.  I 
want  to  see  just  how  the  meeting  closes  as  well  as  begins." 

That  afternoon  when  Mary  reached  the  hall  she  heard 
the  news  that  the  article  upon  the  school  appropriation 
was  lost.  Her  eyes  filled  with  tears  because  she  felt  so 
sorry  for  Miss  Brown  and  the  other  teachers.  But 
further  business  followed,  and  she  soon  forgot  the  defeat 
of  the  third  article  in  the  victories  of  following  ones. 
They  appropriated  money  for  street  lamps,  a  new  town 
pump,  and,  best  of  all,  a  new  town  house  in  place  of  the 
little  hall  where  they  were  now  so  crowded. 

When  the  meeting  was  over  and  the  polls  were 
declared  closed,  Mary  and  Mrs.  Perkins  were  the  last  two 
gallery  guests.  It  was  quite  dark  when  Mrs.  Perkins 
crossed  the  Common  with  Mary. 

"  It  has  been  a  good  lesson  in  government  for  you, 
Mary,"  Mrs.  Perkins  said,  as  she  bade  her  good  night. 

"  I  wish  all  lessons  were  real  lessons  like  this 
one,"  the  little  girl  answered  Then  she  too  said, 
"Good  night." 


A  TOWN   MEETING   STORY 


Can  anything  be  discussed  at  a  town  meeting  that 
does  not  appear  in  the  warrant? 

How  do   people    make    up   their  minds  before    they 
come  into  the  caucus  which  way  they  had  better  vote  ? 

Ought  people  whose  candidate  was  defeated  in  the 
caucus  to  be  ex- 
pected to  support 
the  man  who  wins 
the  nomination  ? 

Which  is  the 
better  way  of  form- 
ing an  opinion  on 
a  public  question, 
by  talking  it  over 
with  one's  neigh- 
bors in  the  country 
store  or  by  reading 
newspapers  and 
magazines  ? 

Are  the  select- 
men always  chosen 
in  town  meeting  ? 

Must  they  report 
to  the  town  meeting  the  work  of  the  year  ? 

When  does  your  town  meeting  occur? 

Why    is    it   called    in    the    early    spring    instead    of 
summer? 


A  MODERN  TOWN  HALL  IN  A  LARGE 
TOWNSHIP 


152  LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR    CITIZENS 

What  is  the  annual  town  meeting  for  ? 

Do  the  .people  in  the  South  and  West  have  town 
meetings? 

Why  is  this  so  ? 

How  many  articles  were  there  in  the  last  warrant  ? 

Which  one  did  your  family  care  most  about  ? 

What  articles  could  be  incorporated  next  spring  by 
which  school  children  might  be  benefited? 

Who  are  the  town  officers  most  important  on  town 
meeting  day  ? 

Why  do  citizens  care  so  dearly  for  their  privilege  to 
vote  ? 


VOCABULARY  —  THE  TOWN  MEETING 

selectmen  superintendent  of  public 

town  clerk  works 

town  constable  superintendent  of  roads 

town  warrant  Australian  ballot 

registrar  engineer  of  fire  department 

treasurer  franchise 

assessors  tax  collector 

constable  or  policeman  school  committee 

Board  of  Health  highway  surveyor 

auditors  moderator 

articles  gavel 

ballot  vote 


A   TOWN    MEETING   STORY  153 

OFFICIAL   TERMS    AND    DUTIES 

THE  TOWN  MEETING 

Selectmen  :  These  officers  have  the  general  .charge  of  the  business 
of  the  town ;  they  call  town  meetings  ;  they  act  as  boards  for  various 
departments  such  as  the  Board  of  Health,  or  Overseers  of  the  Poor, 
if  such  boards  do  not  exist  in  the  town  ;  they  appoint  men  to  fill  all 
minor  town  offices  ;  they  represent  the  town  in  its  relations  to  county 
and  state  and  in  suits  at  law ;  they  must  appear  at  town  meeting 
to  represe.nt  the  town. 

Moderator :  The  officer  who  presides  over  a  town  meeting,  proposes 
questions,  regulates  proceedings,  and  declares  votes. 

Town  Clerk  :  The  officer  in  charge  of  all  records,  births,  marriages, 
deaths,  and  all  town  business.  At  a  town  meeting  he  records  the 
vote. 

Officers  at  Town  Meeting :  The  constables  or  appointed  officers  who 
distribute  ballots. 

Registrars :  The  persons  in  charge  of  the  check  lists. 

Constables:  The  officials  who  keep  order  during  town  meeting. 


A  VILLAGE    IMPROVEMENT    ASSOCIATION 

STORY 

IT  was  just  after  breakfast,  and  the  guests  at  the 
Mansion  House  had  assembled  on  the  piazza  to  decide 
upon  what  they  should  do  that  day.  The  great  question 
was  whether  there  should  be  a  picnic  or  a  tournament 
or  an  automobile  trip.  The  sun  was  unusually  hot  even 
for  August,  and  Mrs.  Marshall  established  herself  in  a 
big  straw  chair  announcing  her  intention  of  sitting  still 
on  the  piazza  all  the  morning,  and  doing  nothing  but 
look  at  the  lovely  view  which  lay  stretched  out  before  her. 

Just  then  the  proprietor  of  the  Mansion  House  joined 
them  on  the  piazza,  his  two  collie  pups  dogging  his  heels. 

"  It  is  pretty,  right  here,  isn't  it?"  he  exclaimed,  sitting 
down  on  the  lower  step  and  pulling  the  tail  of  Tike, 
who  sat  down  beside  him. 

'54 


A  VILLAGE   IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION    STORY    155 

Little  Mary  Marshall  took  the  other  puppy  in  her  lap, 
and  sat  listening  to  her  mother  and  Mr.  Crosby,  mean- 
while letting  the  little  dog  nibble  her  fingers  and  pull 
at  her  dress. 

"  I  think  this  village  is  the  prettiest  one  in  New  Eng- 
land, Mr.  Crosby."  Mrs.  Marshall  was  growing  enthusi- 
astic in  spite  of  the  heat. 

"  When  I  was  a  boy,  Mrs.  Marshall,  I  think  Fairview 
was  the  ugliest  village  in  western  Massachusetts. 
If  it  had  not  been  for  the  Village  Improvement 
Association  and  the  coming  of  the  railroad,  I  don't 
believe  the  land  would  have  been  worth  ten  dollars  an 


acre." 


"  Oh,  but  the  scenery  is  so  lovely !  " 

"  Yes,  but  the  village  was  so  unattractive  and  so  des- 
perately inconvenient!  It  was  as  dull  as  a  hoe.  When  I 
was  a  boy,  Mary,"  said  Mr.  Crosby,  turning  to  his  seat- 
mate,  "there  was  not  a  sidewalk  or  a  lamp  post  in  town. 
The  town  pump  was  a  well  with  a  bucket  which  never 
worked  when  you  wanted  it  to,  and  squeaked  when  it 
did  work.  There  was  no  common,  and  the  grass  was 
allowed  to  grow  all  summer  at  its  own  free  will,  except 
for  one  haying  and  the  aftermath.  The  roads  were  not 
kept  in  order ;  there  was  no  street-watering  cart.  Every 
man's  dooryard  was  allowed  to  take  on  the  character 
of  the  owner,  oftentimes  looking  as  shiftless  as  the 
most  shiftless  farmer  in  the  town." 


1 56 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


"  I  can't  imagine  it,"  Mrs.  Marshall  said;  "it  is  now  so 
well  kept  and  really  beautiful." 

"  My  father  started  the  Village  Improvement  Associa- 
tion twenty-eight  years  ago.  He  was  the  stage  driver 
between  here  and  Hampton.  They  ran  four  stages  a 


A  VILLAGE  STREET  BEFORE  THE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION 
BEGAN  ITS  WORK 

day,  two  over  and  two  back,  carrying  the  mails,  and  now 
and  then  a  passenger.  We  never  had  any  boarders  in 
town,  and  the  average  farmer  bartered  his  goods  at 
the  country  store  and  lived  a  quiet,  uneventful  life." 

"  How  did  your  father  happen  to  start  the  association 
if  things  were  so  dull  ?  "  Mary  inquired. 


A  VILLAGE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION  STORY      157 

"Why,  mother  always  put  a  lamp  in  the  window  so 
that  father  could  drive  in  the  yard  without  hitting  the 
gatepost ;  and  one  day  father  said  *  Why  not  have  a 
street  lamp  ?  '  So  he  invented  a  glass  case,  and  made 
a  post  out  in  his  carpenter's  shop.  After  it  was  set  in 


THE  SAME  STREET  AFTER  FENCES  WERE  REMOVED 
AND  PORCHES  ADDED 

front  of  our  driveway  I  used  to  climb  up  and  put  a  lamp 
into  the  case  every  night.  People  liked  the  idea  so  much 
that  many  of  the  neighbors  said,  '  Why  can't  we  have 
lamp  posts,  too,  Mr.  Crosby  ? '  and  my  father  turned  out 
more  than  a  dozen  the  next  winter.  So  our  town  got  its 
first  street  lighting." 


158  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  Isn't  it  interesting !  "  Mary  whispered  to  her  mother. 

"  That  stirred  up  people  to  go  out  evenings.  It  wasn't 
dark  and  spooky  any  more,  and  the  next  March  father 
invited  them  all  to  our  house  and  talked  about  planting 
trees  on  the  Common,  which  at  that  time  was  nothing 
more  than  a  stretch  of  public  land  where  sheep  grazed 
or  the  loafers  of  the  town  congregated  around  the  flag- 
pole. That  meeting  was  the  beginning  of  the  Village 
Improvement  Association  here. 

"  The  boys  and  the  girls  took  hold  of  it,  too  ;  I  was  not 
a  day  older  than  you  are,  Mary,  but  we  children  formed 
ourselves  into  a  branch  association  to  look  after  the 
front  dooryards  of  our  homes ;  and  we  had  great  times 
seeing  whose  flower  beds  would  be  the  prettiest,  while 
members  of  the  real  association  were  trying  to  rival 
each  other  with  lawn  mowers  and  newly  growing  vines 
and  shrubs. 

"  It  took  ten  years  to  create  enough  enthusiasm  in  town 
so  that  the  town  meeting  was  willing  to  appropriate  any 
money  for  beautifying  the  village.  But  the  time  came 
when  we  did  get  an  appropriation  for  sidewalks ;  that  is, 
the  town  paid  half  the  cost  in  each  case. 

"  The  very  fact  that  the  association  had  to  raise  its 
owrn  money  during  those  ten  years  led  to  little  enter- 
tainments, one  in  the  winter  and  a  strawberry  festival  in 
the  summer.  So  the  association  really  did  a  great  deal 
toward  bringing  the  people  together  socially. 


A  VILLAGE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION    STORY    159 

"After  the  sidewalks  were  put  in,  father  took  down  our 
fence,  and  that  was  the  beginning  of  the  green  lawns 
running  from  one  place  into  another,  with  shrubs  here 
and  there  for  landmarks.  Somehow,  it  hurt  me  to  see 
the  fences  go.  I  like  a  fence ;  it  guards  my  castle.  I 
rather  think  I  am  a  true  Englishman  in  my  instincts. 
But  the  change  did  make  the  town  more  lovely,  because 
the  fences  were  often  so  worn  out  and  ramshackly  that 
they  were  an  offense  to  the  passers-by. 

"  Just  at  that  time  the  Talcotts  bought  the  water  power 
in  the  South  Village  and  put  in  their  cotton  plant.  One 
of  the  first  things  Mr.  Talcott  did  was^to  join  the  asso- 
ciation and  give  to  the  town  the  fountain  over  there." 
Mr.  Crosby  pointed  across  the  street  to  the  beautiful 
drinking  fountain  where  the  old  town  pump  had  stood. 

"  I  think  it  is  rather  nice  of  a  man  to  give  something 
while  he  is  alive.  Mr.  Talcott  has  been  doing  some- 
thing for  the  association  ever  since  he  moved  here, 
although  he  lives  three  miles  away  from  the  Center  and 
is  in  New  York  most  of  the  winter.  Why,  the  associa- 
tion has  even  gone  so  far  as  to  induce  some  of  our 
citizens  to  change  the  site  of  their  buildings  !  Hackett's 
store  used  to  be  right  on  the  street,  out  of  line  with 
every  house  on  either  side.  One  day  when  Hackett 
was  standing  at  the  fountain  with  Mr.  Talcott,  he  said, 
'  I  wish  my  store  could  walk  back  a  couple  of  rods,  so  as 
to  even  things  up.' 


i6o 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


A  PLAIN  DWELLING  HOUSE 


11  Mr.  Talcott  answered,  '  Why  can't  it  ?  It  wouldn't 
cost  much  money,  and  it  would  bring  you  more  trade 
if  you  did  the  town  the  compliment  of  helping  to  beautify 

its  streets  to  that 
extent.  I  will  lend 
you  the  money  to 
pay  the  expense, 
and  you  needn't 
pay  any  interest.' 
"There  was 
nothing  for  Hack- 
et  t  to  do  but 
accept  the  offer; 
and  you  never  saw 
a  prouder  man  than  he  was  when  he  got  that  building 
moved  back  and  the  approach  to  it  so  attractively  laid 
out.  You  see  they  raised  the  store,  and  the  Hacketts 
live  upstairs.  Mrs.  Hackett  makes  the  garden  in  front 
of  the  shop  a  bower  of  beauty." 

Mary  Marshall  spoke  up  then  and  said,  "  Next  to 
Celia  Thaxter's  garden  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  where  we 
were  last  summer,  it  is  the  prettiest  garden  I  ever  saw." 
"Just  think  of  it!"  Mrs.  Marshall  exclaimed.  "Do 
you  mean  that  that  attractive  country  store  was  once  a 
commonplace  little  building  right  on  the  street?" 

"  That  is  what  I  mean,  Mrs.  Marshall,  and  if  it  had 
not  been  for  mother's  lamp  in  the  window  twenty-eight 


A  VILLAGE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION  STORY    161 


years  ago,  who  knows  but  that  Fairview  might  still  be  as 
it  was  then  ?  "  Mr.  Crosby  had  risen,  but  both  the  dogs 
had  gone  to  sleep. 

"  What  are  you  going  to  do  next  ?  "  asked  Mary.  "  Is 
there  anything  else  to  do  to  make  the  village  more 
beautiful  ?  " 

"  It  seems  perfect  to  me,"  interpolated  Mrs.  Marshall. 

"  There  isn't  so  much  to  do  to  the  village  itself,  but  the 
boys  and  girls  who  belong  to  the  Revolutionary  Society 
are  going  to  erect 
markers  on  all  the 
historic  spots  in 
town." 

"  Why,  what  hap- 
pened here  in  Rev- 
olutionary days  ?" 
asked  Mary,  who 
enjoyed  more  than 
anything  else  her 
history  lessons  at 
school. 

"  Oh,  Burgoyne's 
army  was  here  for 

a  month,  on  its  way  back  to  Saratoga.  A  little  later 
Stark's  army  was  here.  Then  the  old  grounds  for 
training  the  militia  in  this  vicinity  were  right  here  on 
the  Common,  and  they  are  going  to  place  a  slab  over 


THE  SAME  HOUSE  AFTER  THE  OWNER  HAD 
WON  A  PRIZE  FOR  FLOWER  BEDS 


162 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


there  at  the  north  end,  with  a  muster  roll  of  the  com- 
missioned officers  who  served  in  the  colonial  wars. 
The  teachers  and  the  School  Board  also  have  caught 
the  association  spirit  at  last.  They  give  prizes  to  the 


A  VILLAGE  PARK  BEFORE  THE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION 
BEGAN  ITS  WORK 

children  for  bulb-raising  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  and 
have  summer  gardens  and  that  sort  of  thing.  Our 
association  has  joined  the  Massachusetts  Civic  League. 
I  imagine  that  we  are  one  of  the  oldest  towns  with 
an  association,  and  I  know  that  the  league  is  much  in- 
terested in  what  we  have  already  accomplished." 

"  Isn't  it  strange,"  Mrs.  Marshall  said,  half  musingly; 
"  isn't  it  strange  that  the  forefathers  of  this  town  should 
have  named  it  Fairview  because  of  the  beautiful  outlook, 
and  yet  it  has  really  taken  two  hundred  years  to  fulfill 


A  VILLAGE   IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION    STORY    163 

its  name,  because  things  must  be  beautiful  close  at  hand 
in  order  to  be  in  keeping  with  the  distant  scenery !  When 
did  the  summer  boarders  first  come  to  Fairview  ?  "  she 
asked  a  moment  later. 

"  Just  as  soon  as  the  railroad  was  put  through.  That 
very  next  summer  people  began  to  write  to  the  post- 
master, to  ask  about  farms  where  they  could  get  board. 
That  is  how  father  happened  to  go  into  the  business. 
Of  course  he  gave  up  driving  a  stage  and  carrying 
the  mails,  so  he  took  a  few  boarders  into  the  home. 
It  was  too  much  work  for  the  old  folks,  so  I  built 


THE  SAME  PARK  AFTER  THE  TREES  AND  SHRUBS  WERE  PLANTED 

here,  and  that  is  how  it  happens  that  I  am  running  the 
Mansion  House." 

As  he  ended  his  story  Mr.  Crosby  said : 

"  Mary,  don't  you  want  to  come   and  help  me  make 


1 64 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


hay?  It's  a  regular  hay  day.  I  am  going  to  have 
molasses  and  ginger  water  for  the  haymakers  and  you 
may  ride  home  on  the  load  this  afternoon." 

"  Of  course  I  should  like  to  go,  Mr.  Crosby.  May  I, 
mother  ?  " 

"  Why,  yes,  Mary.     It  won't  be  any  harder  than  play- 


A    HOUSE   THAT   WON   A    PRIZE   FOR    VlNES   AND    SHRUBS 

ing  tennis,  and  the  smell  of  the  hay  and  the  rest  under 
the  apple  trees  will  be  good  for  you." 

"  You  can  play  that  you  are  your  mother  when  she 
was  a  little  girl,"  said  Mr.  Crosby,  as  he  took  Mary  by 
the  hand  and  walked  on  toward  the  barn. 


A  VILLAGE    IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION    STORY    165 


Has  your  town  or  city  organized  a  civic  league  ? 

Does  your  town  or  village  interest  itself  in  civic  im- 
provement ? 

What  does  a  Village  Improvement  Association  do  to 
further  interest  in  town 
citizenship  ? 

When  a  community 
takes  pride  in  its  well- 
lighted  streets,  its  pub- 
lic parks  and  buildings, 
its  good  roads,  its 
library,  and  so  forth, 
is  it  not  more  likely 
to  develop  i  n  di- 
vidual pride  in  the 
care  of  its  private 
dwellings? 

What  part  can  boys 
and  girls  take  in  an 
organization  for  civic 
improvement  ? 

Make    a   list    of    all 

the  things  a  child  can  do  to  help  a  Village  Improve- 
ment Association. 

If  your  town  has  no  association  for  civic  improvement, 
why  not  form  a  school  club  to  begin  such  an  organi- 
zation ? 


A  PICTURESQUE  RUIN  THAT  MIGHT  BE 
MADE  BEAUTIFUL  BY  A  VILLAGE  IM- 
PROVEMENT ASSOCIATION 


1 66  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

During  the  fall  the  children  can  plan  to  keep  the 
schoolroom  clean  and  bring  in  autumn  flowers  and 
green  plants,  starting  bulbs  which  will  blossom  dur- 
ing the  winter,  and  later  in  the  year  planting  seeds 
that  may  be  transplanted  in  the  spring  into  the  school 
gardens. 

This  school  club  can  do  outside  work  by  planting 
vines  and  shrubs  in  the  gardens  at  home,  by  keeping 
the  street  clean  in  front  of  the  houses  so  that  weeds 
shall  not  grow  where  grass  seed  might  have  a  chance, 
and  by  keeping  the  back  yards  of  the  homes  clean  and 
neat 

Very  likely  out  of  this  school  club  for  improvement 
there  might  develop  a  spirit  of  similar  enthusiasm  in  the 
older  citizens,  and  a  real  Village  Improvement  Associa- 
tion grow  out  of  the  children's  influence. 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  VILLAGE  IMPROVEMENT 
ASSOCIATION 

civic  pride          .  reformatory  interests 

civic  betterment  public  service  of  citizenship 

civic  league  charitable  institutions 

social  interests  playsteads 

social  improvement  forestry  preservation 

public  sentiment  local  history 
landmarks 


A  VILLAGE   IMPROVEMENT   ASSOCIATION   STORY     167 

OFFICIAL   TERMS    AND    DUTIES 
THE  VILLAGE  IMPROVEMENT  ASSOCIATION 

President :  The  officer  elected  by  the  association  to  preside  over 
and  to  govern  the  proceedings  of  the  assembly. 

Secretary  and  Treasurer :  Persons  in  charge  of  the  records  and  the 
money  belonging  to  the  organization. 

Executive  Committee:  A  special  committee  which  has  the  care  of 
the  work  undertaken  by  the  whole  association. 

Tree  Committee :  Persons  in  charge  of  setting  out  trees  and  shrubs. 

Park  Committee :  Persons  in  charge  of  beautifying  and  developing 
parks  or  public  land. 

Street  Lighting  Committee  :  Persons  in  charge  of  the  erection  of  lamp 
posts  or  of  furthering  the  introduction  of  gas  or  electricity  into  a  town. 

Sidewalk  Committee :  Persons  in  charge  of  making  sidewalks  or  of 
improving  present  conditions. 

Lecture  Committee  :  Persons  interested  in  procuring  the  best  speakers 
to  address  the  association  and  the  guests. 

Playgrounds  Committee  :  A  committee  to  make  playsteads  or  to  keep 
open  land  free  for  the  use  of  children. 


AN  IMMIGRATION  AND  NATURALIZATION 

STORY 

SABRINA  COHENSKY  was  standing  by  one  of  the  window 
boxes  of  the  schoolroom.  Jonquils  were  in  full  bloom 
although  it  was  only  February.  Sabrina  was  poking 
into  the  soil  with  a  pencil,  gently  loosening  the  earth. 

"  It  makes  them  grow  better,"  she  said  to  a  little  girl 
standing  near  her.  "  It  gives  them  more  chance." 

One  of  the  smaller  girls  suggested,  "  Perhaps  teacher 
will  not  like  to  have  you  do  it." 

"  Oh,  yes,  she  will,"  Sabrina  answered.  "  She  has  given 
me  my  chance." 

"  How  ?  "  asked  the  little  girl. 

"  Yes,  she's  helped  me  grow,"  Sabrina  went  on. 
"  When  I  came  here  five  years  ago  I  was  a  little  Rus- 
sian girl,  and  could  not  say  a  word  of  English.  Now 
I  am  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  I  can  say  any- 
thing I  want  to  in  your  language." 

1 68 


AN    IMMIGRATION    AND    NATURALIZATION    STORY     169 

"  Oh  !  Oh  !  Oh  !  "  came  from  the  astonished  children, 
and  then  one  girl  spoke  out,  "  But  you're  not  a  citizen, 
and,  besides,  you  never  will  be  because  you're  a  girl." 

"  Oh,  yes,  I  am !  "  Sabrina  replied  quickly.  "  I  am  an 
American  citizen.  Father  said  so  last  night." 

Sabrina  Cohensky  had  just  been  promoted  into  Miss 
McEvoy's  room.  Miss  McEvoy  was  the  principal  of  the 
Allen  School.  From  the  morning  when  Sabrina,  at  eight 
years  of  age,  had  taken  her  seat  in  the  first  primary 
grade,  to  the  present  hour,  this  teacher  had  kept  watch 
of  the  little  Russian,  making  sure  that  the  bright  child 
should  be  promoted  as  fast  as  possible  from  one  grade 
to  the  next,  so  that  she  might  get  abreast  with  the  other 
pupils  of  her  age  as  soon  as  she  had  mastered  the  new 
language.  Little  Sabrina  worked  hard,  learned  quickly, 
and  now  with  the  mid-year  promotions,  though  but 
thirteen  years  of  age,  had  reached  the  last  grade  in 
Miss  McEvoy's  building. 

Just  as  the  children  were  disputing  Sabrina's  citizen- 
ship, Miss  McEvoy  herself  joined  them  at  the  window. 
She  had  heard  Mary  Green  say,  "  You  can't  be  a  citizen, 
because  you  are  a  girl." 

"  Yes,  Sabrina  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States."  Miss 
McEvoy  placed  her  hand  on  the  little  girl's  shoulder. 
"  And  if  you  will  come  to  my  desk,  I  will  read  you  some- 
thing which  will  make  you  see  that  you  and  she  and  all 
of  us  are  citizens." 


I/O  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

The  children  gathered  around  Miss  McEvoy,  and  she 
opened  .a  book  which  read  as  follows: 

"  Citizenship  is  recognized  local  membership  in  a  polit- 
ical community.  Citizenship  is  a  privilege  which  attaches 
not  only  to  men  but  to  women  and  children,  down  to  the 
very  youngest ;  convicts,  paupers,  insane  persons,  may  be 
and  usually  are  citizens,  and  as  such  are  entitled  to  the 
care  and  protection  of  the  state.  By  the  statute  of  1885, 
every  woman  married  to  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
is  deemed  a  citizen.  Citizens  may  or  may  not  be  voters  ; 
only  about  one  fifth  of  them  have  the  right  of  suffrage." 

"  There  !  there  !  "  shouted  Sabrina.  "  You  see  I  am  ! 
I  am  a  citizen  of  the  United  States!" 

"  I  wonder  how  many  of  you  children  are  foreign- 
born  ? "  Miss  McEvoy  asked,  noting  the  interested 
expressions  on  the  faces  of  the  children.  Half  a  dozen 
hands  went  up,  and  then  she  asked,  "  And  how  many  of 
you  have  foreign-born  parents  ?  " 

Every  hand  in  the  room  was  raised,  for  the  Allen 
School  was  in  the  heart  of  a  big  city,  where  the  foreign 
population  had  crowded  out  the  older,  native-born  fami- 
lies of  an  earlier  generation.  But  Sabrina  was  the  only 
Russian  in  the  room.  Many  of  the  children  were  Italians, 
with  here  and  there  an  Armenian  or  a  Hungarian. 

Because  the  children  seemed  interested  in  citizenship 
at  just  this  moment,  Miss  McEvoy  told  them  she  would 
give  up  the  spelling  lesson  after  the  recess  was  over,  and 


AN    IMMIGRATION    AND    NATURALIZATION   STORY     1 71 


tell  them  more  of  "  immigration  "  and  the  reasons  why 
so  many  of  their  parents  and  friends  had  longed  to  come 
to  our  country. 

And  this  is  what  she  told  them  : 

"  Over  there,  in  such  countries  as  Italy  and  Russia 
and  Austria- Hungary,  there  are  few  well-to-do  farms  like 
those  of  America.  Most  of 
the  land  is  cultivated  by 
peasants  ;  that  is,  a  class  of 
tillers  of  the  soil,  often  very 
poor,  who  can  do  nothing 
to  better  the  condition  of 
their  children  in  the  future. 
They  find  it  very  hard  to 
meet  the  heavy  rents,  or 
taxes,  for  you  see  most  of 
the  peasants  have  no  right 
to  the  soil.  They  live  on 
great  estates  owned  by  rich 
men,  who  parcel  out  the 
land  to  them  and  demand 
rents.  They  have  heard 
that  there  is  a  better  chance  in  America,  and  the  people 
of  a  village  often  raise  money  as  a  fund  to  be  given  to 
enterprising  young  men  and  women,  so  that  they  may 
travel  across  the  continent  of  Europe  and  the  Atlantic 
ocean  to  come  to  this  free  country  of  ours.  For 


1/2  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

here,  after  a  little  while,  a  man  may  not  only  support 
himself  at  good  wages,  but  he  may  save  money  and  buy 
a  little  farm,  and  still  later  may  become  a  voting  citizen 
of  the  United  States." 

Up  went  Sabrina's  hand.  "  When  my  father  came 
to  this  country,  seven  years  ago,  he  walked  all  the  way 
from  Moscow  to  Hanover  in  order  to  save  the  little 
money  his  friends  had  collected  for  him.  It  took 
father  three  years  to  get  ready  to  come  to  America,  but 
it  took  him  only  two  years  after  he  got  here  to  lay  up 
money  enough  to  send  for  mother  and  little  brother  and 
me.  The  United  States  is  a  wonderful  country,  my 
father  thinks." 

"  Why,  Sabrina,"  Miss  McEvoy  asked,  "  do  you  mean 
that  your  father  had  to  walk  all  that  distance  ?  " 

"  Yes,  but  there  were  Russians  in  almost  every 
town.  He  did  not  walk  as  a  beggar.  He  had  friends 
to  help  him,  and  in  every  town  through  which  he  passed 
there  were  other  Russians  getting  ready  to  go;  and 
when  he  sailed  there  were  seven  hundred  Russians  in 
the  steerage  coming  to  this  country." 

"  When  you  and  your  mother  came,  Sabrina,  were 
you  afraid  ?  "  asked  one  of  the  little  girls  who  had  never 
had  to  cross  the  Atlantic. 

"  I  was  not  afraid,"  answered  Sabrina,  "  but  the  ship 
was  very  dirty,  and  the  air  so  bad  that  we  could  not  stay 
downstairs  in  the  cabin ;  yet  the  deck  was  so  wet  that 


AN   IMMIGRATION   AND    NATURALIZATION   STORY    173 

we  were  chilled  and  sick  if  we  stayed  upstairs.  When  I 
am  old  enough,  I  am  going  to  write  articles  and  stir  up  the 
people  to  make  better  steerage  rooms  for  the  poor  people. 
We  never  had  water  to  drink  all  day  long  unless  we 
stood  by  the  faucet  of  the  tank  where  the  officers  drank, 
and  now  and  then  a  good-natured  officer  would  fill 
my  little  tin  cup  for  me.  The  steerage  trip  is  very 
horrid,  but  it  is  worth  all  the  sickness  and  sorrow 
once  to  get  to  a  lovely  country  like  this,  and  to  have 
such  lovely  teachers."  The  warm-hearted  little  Russian 
girl  put  her  hand  into  that  of  Miss  McEvoy  who  stood 
by  her  desk. 

"  I  can  remember,"  Sabrina  went  on,  with  glowing 
eyes  and  unconscious  gladness  in  her  story,  "just  how 
happy  the  passengers  were  when  we  sighted  land  and 
saw  the  Goddess  of  Liberty  in  New  York  harbor. 
Almost  all  the  steerage  passengers  managed  to  get  a 
little  water  to  wash  their  faces ;  and  some  of  them  had 
stored  away  in  their  packs  bright  scarfs,  which  they 
took  out  and  put  around  their  heads.  When  we  saw 
that  great  statue,  one  man  began  to  sing,  and  others 
joined  in  the  song.  Finally  the  whole  deck  resounded 
to  the  sound  of  happy  voices.  I  shall  never  forget  it. 
They  were  trying  to  sing  America  in  all  sorts  of  strange 
tongues;  even  the  music  you  would  not  have  recognized, 
Miss  McEvoy." 

"  Have    you    any    idea,"    Miss     McEvoy    asked    the 


174  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

children,    "  how  many  immigrants  arrive  in  the  course 
of  a  week  at  Ellis  Island  in  New  York? " 

Of  course  the  children  did  not  know,  so  she  told  them 
that  in  some  weeks  from  eight  to  ten  thousand  foreigners 


JUST   BEFORE    LANDING   IN   THE   UNITED    STATES 

arrive  by  steerage,  and  that  Italy,  Austria- Hungary,  and 
Russia  are  the  three  largest  sources  of  immigration. 

"Just  think!"  she  went  on;  "last  year  there  were 
over  eight  hundred  thousand  immigrants  who  came  to 
the  United  States.  Of  course  you  can  see,  children,  that 
what  to  do  with  all  these  foreign-speaking  men  and 
women  and  little  children  is  a  very  important  question. 
When  they  reach  our  ports  they  do  not  know  how  to 


AN    IMMIGRATION    AND    NATURALIZATION    STORY    175 

ask  for  the  simplest  things,  and  most  of  them  have  little 
money.  Sometimes  they  have  friends  waiting  for  them, 
or  letters  to  friends  in  various  towns  and  cities  where 
they  hope  to  go  and  find  work." 

One  of  the  boys  in  the  room  who  was  older  than  the 
others,  and  who  had  lived  in   New  York  City,  raised  his 


THE  INSPECTORS  WHO  MEET  THE  IMMIGRANTS 

hand  and  said :  "  My  father  used  to  work  for  the  Society 
for  the  Protection  of  Italian  Immigrants.  He  was  an 
interpreter.  That  is  a  great  society,  Miss  McEvoy." 

"  What  does  it  do  ?  "  asked  Sabrina. 

Somehow,  the  children  had  forgotten  all  about  school 
discipline,  and  as  Carlo  Spiero  spoke,  they  all  turned  in 
their  seats  to  listen  to  his  story. 

"  Why,  that  society  does  lots  of  things,"  answered 
Carlo.  "  First  of  all,  they  station  men  at  the  wharves  in 


1 76 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


order  to  prevent  boarding-house  runners  from  urging 
the  ignorant  immigrants  to  go  with  them.  Then  they 
have  to  look  out  for  *  crooks,'  who  would  exchange  the 
peasant's  farm  money  for  useless  '  confederate  '  money, 
as  it  is  called.  And  the  society  also  tries  to  prevent  the 
district  political  boss  from  getting  hold  of  the  immigrant 

on  the  spot,  in 
order  to  secure  his 
vote.  The  inter- 
preters, like  father, 
find  out  if  the  im- 
migrants have  any 
friends  to  whom 
they  wish  to  go,  or 
whether  they  care 
for  any  particular 
kind  of  work,  and 
later  they  try  to 
teach  them  the 
rights  and  duties 
of  government  in  the  United  States.  They  put 
tags  of  identification  upon  them  and  take  them  from 
Ellis  Island  over  to  the  Battery  Landing  in  New  York, 
and  then  regular  guards  in  uniform  take  them  up  to 
Pearl  Street,  where  the  society  has  its  headquarters." 

Miss   McEvoy  asked  Carlo  where  the  society  found 
the  most  work  to  do,  and  he  replied :   "  It  is  down  at 


JUST  ARRIVED 


AN   IMMIGRATION   AND   NATURALIZATION   STORY    177 


Battery  Landing  that  the  runners  and  the  crooks  find  a 
large  number  of  these  Italians.  Father  said  that  once, 
in  spite  of  the  city  police  force  on  guard,  out  of  thirty 
immigrants  who  were  in  the  care  of  the  society's  agents 
only  fifteen  arrived  at  Pearl  Street.  What  became  of 
the  others  nobody  knows,  but  there  was  a  free  fight,  and 
the  Italians  drew  their 
knives  on  the  police  and 
the  agents,  as  well  as  on 
the  crooks  themselves." 
"Yes,"  Miss  McEvoy 
continued,  "  Carlo  is  right. 
The  society  of  which  he 
speaks  is  doing  a  noble 
work.  There  are  other 
societies  —  the  societies 
for  the  Finnish  people,  for 
the  Irish,  for  the  Jews, 

and  so  on  ;    and  the  gov- 

i   ,1  LITTLE  FRIENDS  FROM  EUROPE 

ernment  and  these  asso- 
ciations together  are  doing  their  best,  and  doing  it 
promptly,  to  place  these  immigrants  out  in  the  country 
on  farms,  away  from  the  temptations  of  the  city,  and 
where  they  will  be  able  to  use  their  great  physical 
strength  in  tilling  the  soil." 

That  evening  when  Sabrina  Cohensky  was  at  home, 
she  told  her  father  about  the  conversation  they  had  had 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


in  the  school  during  the  morning.     Mr.  Cohensky  was 
much  interested. 

"  If  the  teachers  in  the  schools,  Sabrina,"  said  he,  in 
Russian  of  course,  "  would  take  more  time  to  explain  the 
conditions  in  this  country,  there  would  not  be  so  much 

ignorant  grumbling 
among  our  people,  who 
do  not  understand 
these  matters.  Only 
to-day  I  heard  a  man 
say  that  he  wished 
every  European  who 
had  come  to  this 
country  this  year  as  an 
immigrant  might  be 
shipped  back  to  his 
own  country.  That 
man  was  supposed  to 
be  educated,  yet  he  did 
not  understand  what  the  United  States  is  doing  for 
itself  as  well  as  for  its  foreign  population." 

"  How  do  you  mean  '  for  itself,'  father  ? "  asked  Sabrina. 
"  The  great  West  needs  the  foreign  workmen.  The 
country  is  building  roads,  opening  up  canals,  developing 
mines,  digging  ditches  for  irrigation.  These  hardy 
peasants  from  the  east  and  south  of  Europe  bring  to  this 
country  the  muscle  and  the  nerve  which  makes  such 


ON  PARADE 


AN    IMMIGRATION    AND    NATURALIZATION    STORY    179 


development  possible.  There  is  no  fear  from  immigra- 
tion so  long  as  the  foreigner  has  work  with  good  wages, 
which  is  what  this  country  can  give  him  in  exchange  for 
his  ambitious  labor.  Did  your  teacher  tell  you  anything 
about  naturalization  ?  " 

Sabrina  shook  her  head. 

"  No,  there  was  not  time,  I  think." 

"  Probably  most  of  the  children  in  your  school  were 
born  of  naturalized  parents,  but  very  few  of  them  know 
just  what  that  means.  Do  you  know  what  naturaliza- 
tion means,  Sabrina  ? " 

"  I  think  it  means  that  you  can  vote. " 

"  Yes,  but  it  means  a  good  deal  more  than  that;  and 
you  have  to  go  through  a  complicated  process  before 
becoming  a  citi- 
zen of  the  country. 
Let  me  tell  you 
what  happened  to 
me  before  I  be- 
came a  voter  last 


r 

years  ago,  I  filed 
a  *  declaration  of  inten- 


year. 

"First,  two 
at  the  police  court 
tion '  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  The 
clerk  gave  me  a  copy  of  it  which  would  prove  my  right  at 
the  end  of  the  two  years  to  come  up  for  naturalization,  if 
by  that  time  I  should  have  been  five  years  in  the  country. 


i8o 


LESSONS  FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


So  last  May  I  went  to  the  police  court  again,  with  two 
witnesses,  your  uncle  and  Mr.  Garaskoski,  both  citi- 
zens, who  swore  before  the  judge  that  I  was  a  good 
man  and  not  an  anarchist.  I  myself  made  oath  that  I 

believed  in  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United 
States,  renouncing  my 
allegiance  to  Russia. 
Then  I  received  my 
naturalization  papers, 
which  were  drawn  up 
by  the  clerk  and  sworn 
to  by  myself.  Later  I 
went  to  the  city  clerk 
and  placed  my  name  on 
a  voting  list,  and  last 
November  I  cast  my 
first  vote  in  America." 
"  Could  you  go  back 
to  Russia,  father,  without  any  trouble  with  the  govern- 
ment ? "  asked  Sabrina. 

"Why,  yes.  I  could  go  back  to  my  country  to  visit 
friends.  I  am  not  an  exile.  But  it  might  be  dangerous 
forme  in  Russia,  although  the  government  is  supposed  to 
respect  American  citizens  and  to  treat  the  United  States 
with  great  respect  and  regard." 

A  moment  later  Mr,  Cohensky  remarked :  "  I  don't 


Two  RUSSIAN  WOMEN 


AN    IMMIGRATION    AND    NATURALIZATION    STORY     181 


suppose  you,  Sabrina,  will  ever  know  what  it  is  to  live 
in  a  country  where  there  is  so  little  personal  liberty  as  in 
Russia.  The  opportunities  that  you  do  not  stop  to 
value  here  are  just  the  opportunities  that  were  denied 
to  me  when  I  was  a^boy.  Think 
of  the  things  that  you  have  as  a 
little  girl  citizen,  that  we,  your 
mother  and  I,  never  dreamed  of 
in  our  childhood." 

"  Why,  I  can  remember  some 
things  myself,"  said  Sabrina. 
"  I  have  not  forgotten  what  it 
was  like  in  Moscow.  No  school, 
no  playgrounds,  no  charity 
headquarters — I  can  remember 
that,  father." 

"  Ask  your  teacher  to-morrow 
to  let  the  children  make  a  list 
of  their  rights  and  their  parents' 
rights  as  citizens.  It  may  in- 
terest them  to  take  the  lists 
home  and  see  how  many  of 

those  privileges    their  parents  did    not    have    in    their 
native  land." 

Sabrina  did  ask  her  teacher  the  next  day  to  do  that 
very  thing,  and  Miss  McEvoy  carried  out  the  idea  most 
willingly,  adding  to  the  list  of  civil  liberties  enjoyed  by 


His  FIRST  PHOTOGRAPH 


1 82  LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

citizenship  in  this  country  a  list  of  special  advantages 
which  the  city  child  or  the  country  child  enjoys  be- 
cause of  the  advance  in  industries  and  art  So  it 
was  that  a  great  deal  of  pleasant  conversation  came 
out  of  little  Sabrina's  argument  over  her  own  rights 
as  a  citizen. 

Why  do  people  from  other  countries  flock  to  the 
United  States? 

Do  you  know  how  many  immigrants  arrive  in  a  week 
at  Ellis  Island  in  New  York  City,  where  the  great 
majority  of  the  immigrants  land  ?  For  what  reasons  can 

an  immigrant  be  turned  back 
after  his  steamer  reaches  the 
United  States  ? 

What  is  a  quarantine 
station  ? 

Why  is  it  so  necessary  to 
examine  foreigners  with  such 
care  ? 

How   can    an    immigrant, 

when    he    has    finally   passed 

A  FOREIGNER  .1  •      ,.  T-TT       T 

the  examination  at   JcJlis    Is- 
land, find  employment  in  a  great  city  like  New  York? 
Do  you  suppose  that  some  immigrants  are  disappointed 
in  the  government  of  the  United  States  after  they  have 
lived  here  two  or  three  years? 


AN    IMMIGRATION    AND    NATURALIZATION    STORY    183 


How  soon  can  a  foreign-born  man  become  a  voting 
citizen  of  the  United  States? 

What  steps  must  he  take  to  become  naturalized  and 
be  given  the  fran- 
chise ? 

Are  his  children 
citizens  after  he 
has  become  natur- 
alized ? 

When  he  has  be- 
come naturalized, 
what  are  his  rights 
as  a  citizen  ?  If 
you  do  not  know, 
look  for  the  Bill  of 
Rights  in  your  state 
constitution,  and 
in  the  first  ten 
amendments  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Name  the  different  races  of  people  in  your  town  or 
city,  —  Scotch,  Irish,  English,  French,  Jews,  Armenians, 
Syrians,  Russians,  Italians,  Germans,  Swedes,  Nor- 
wegians, etc. 

Do  the  Japanese  have  the  same  privileges  of  naturali- 
zation as  the  Germans,  or  are  they  excluded  in  certain 
respects  as  are  the  Chinese  ? 


AN  IMMIGRANT  UNDER  INSPECTION 


1 84  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Do  you  think  the  country  needs  to  protect  itself  by 
further  exclusion  ? 

The  requirements  for  naturalization,  as  fixed  by  Con- 
gress, are  as  follows : 

Five  years'  residence  in  the  United  States  and  one  year's  residence 
in  the  state  where  naturalization  is  sought. 

Two  years'  preliminary  declaration  of  an  intention  to  become  a 
citizen. 

An  oath  to  support  the  Constitution. 

Renunciation  of  all  foreign  titles  or  orders  of  nobility. 

Abjuration  of  allegiance  to  any  foreign  power. 

NOTE.  No  alien  can  be  naturalized  if  his  native  government  is,  at 
the  time,  at  war  with  the  United  States. 

VOCABULARY  —  IMMIGRATION 

immigration  emigration  alien 

exclusion  restriction  foreign 

health  inspection      allegiance  quarantine 

naturalization  declaration  of  intention  anarchist 

Castle  Garden 


OFFICIAL   TERMS   AND    DUTIES 

IMMIGRATION 

Commissioner  or  Board  of  Commissioners  :  The  official  representatives 
of  the  United  States  who  carry  out  the  laws  regulated  by  Congress  in 
relation  to  immigration. 


AN    IMMIGRATION  AND  NATURALIZATION  STORY     185 

Agent :  The  active  officer  of  the  department  who  has  care  of  the 
immigrants  on  the  arrival  of  a  ship  in  a  port. 

Inspectors :  Officials  in  charge  of  the  immigrants. 

Quarantine  Physician  or  Board  of  Health  Agents  :  Medical  inspectors 
who  examine  and  pronounce  upon  contagious  diseases. 

NATURALIZATION 

Judge  of  the  Police  Court  or  Municipal  Judge :  This  judge  must  have 
"  common  law  jurisdiction."  Before  him  the  oath  of  allegiance  is 
taken. 

*  Clerk  of  the  Court :  The  clerk  makes  record  of  the  act  of  naturaliza- 
tion and  grants  certificates  of  naturalization. 

The  Witnesses:  The  friends  who  must  testify  to  the  man's  term  of 
residence  and  declare  him  to  have  been  during  the  term  a  man  of 
•'good  moral  character,"  and  a  law-abiding  person. 


A    NATIONAL    CONVENTION    STORY 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS. 

DEAR  SISTER  CHARLOTTE, 

You  cannot  imagine  the  excitement  in  which  I  have 
been  living  since  we  arrived  in  this  great  city.  I  meant 
to  keep  a  journal,  so  that  you  might  read  every  detail  of 
my  doings,  but  there  has  been  so  much  to  watch  from 
the  hotel  windows,  even  when  I  have  not  been  out  with 
father,  that  all  thought  of  a  diary  had  to  be  given  up. 
I'll  begin  at  the  beginning  and  tell  you  as  best  I  can  just 
what  has  happened  on  this  wonderful  visit. 

Our   state  delegation  arrived    in    its   special    car  on 

186 


A   NATIONAL  CONVENTION   STORY  187 

Monday  at  ten  o'clock  at  night.  We  came  like  con- 
querors, with  a  brass  band  of  our  own,  banners  flying, 
and  every  man  on  the  train  decked  out  with  buttons 
and  badges. 

All  the  way  from  the  station  to  the  Auditorium  Hotel 
I  looked  out  of  the  carriage  window,  fascinated  by 
the  sight.  It  was  as  bright  as  daylight  everywhere, 
and  the  streets  were  crowded  with  people.  The  noise 
and  heat  and  excitement  were  indescribable.  Other 
delegations  from  other  states  were  arriving  at  almost 
the  same  time  that  we  were,  and  the  streets  were  filled 
with  little  processions,  headed  by  brass  bands,  which 
kept  their  drums  going  when  the  musicians  could 
play  no  more.  Of  course  father  took  me  straight  to 
our  suite  of  rooms  and  left  me,  with  a  promise  from  me 
that  I  would  soon  go  to  bed,  while  he  joined  the  impor- 
tant committee  meeting  on  credentials,  held  in  Mr. 
Barter's  suite.  I  tried  to  keep  my  promise,  but  it  was 
more  than  an  hour  before  I  could  tear  myself  away  from 
the  crowd  and  the  hubbub  outside  the  windows.  Yet 
I  knew  that  the  tumult  on  the  street  meant  nothing, 
whereas  the  meeting  across  the  corridor  where  father 
was,  and  another  in  the  next  suite  where  they  were  dis- 
cussing tariff  reform,  were  all  important. 

Before  we  went  to  breakfast  the  next  morning  father 
told  me  that  two  great  compromises  had  been  settled  by 
the  managers  in  these  secret  meetings,  and  that  the  tariff 


188  LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

plank  in  the  platform  would  now  probably  satisfy  the 
party  leaders,  both  north  and  south.  While  he  was 
talking,  a  number  of  newspaper  men  came  to  our  room, 
and  asked  many  questions.  It  was  most  interesting  to 
listen  to  the  questions  which  were  put  to  father  by  the 
reporters.  They  not  only  wished  to  know  whether  the 
convention  meant  to  discuss  in  its  platform  the  great 
issues  of  tariff,  trusts,  the  Panama  Canal,  and  all  such 
vital  national  subjects,  but  they  plied  him  with  most 
unimportant  questions  as  well.  The  smallest  detail  of 
the  secret  meetings  was  seized  upon  by  them.  I  suppose 
they  feel  that  the  public  likes  to  know  everything.  They 
even  asked  father  where  the  men  sat  and  whether  they 
smoked  as  they  discussed  the  tariff,  and  each  reporter 
was  eager  to  know  what  the  leaders  wore.  It  seemed 
very  amusing  to  me. 

After  breakfast  we  went  down  into  the  lobby  of  the 
hotel,  and  while  I  was  waiting  for  Uncle  Sidney,  with 
whom  I  was  to  sit  in  the  gallery  of  the  convention 
hall,  it  was  the  greatest  imaginable  sport  to  watch  the 
hurrying  and  scurrying  of  people.  After  a  little  I  could 
tell  the  men  from  the  different  sections  by  their  very 
dress.  You  can  imagine  how  our  own  friends  from 
the  East  looked.  The  Western  man  wears  checked  or 
plaid  trousers,  leaves  off  his  waistcoat,  and  goes  about 
in  gay  negligee  silk  or  madras  shirt  and  leather  belt. 
Westerners  have  a  way  with  them,  however,  that  would 


A   NATIONAL   CONVENTION   STORY 


189 


captivate  you  girls.  The  Southerners  wear  black  slouch 
hats,  black  frock  coats,  and  white  neckties.  Almost 
every  one  of  the  delegates  carries  a  palm-leaf  fan,  for  the 


From  a  stereograph  copyrighted  1905  by  Underwood  and  Underwood,  New  York. 

A  POLITICAL  CROWD 

thermometer  has  registered  between    ninety-five   and  a 
hundred  degrees  every  day. 

Men  were  running  about  giving  out  printed  circu- 
lars, buttons,  and  badges ;  others  had  buttonholed  their 
companions  and  were  gesticulating  like  camp-meeting 


190  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

preachers.  While  I  waited  in  the  office,  half  a  dozen 
big  transparencies  were  put  into  a  great  open  automobile 
wagon  and  hurried  off  toward  the  convention. 

Uncle  Sidney  and  I  went  up  to  the  hall  before  eleven 
o'clock,  and  we  had  great  seats!  There  were  twenty 
thousand  people  packed  into  that  building  before  the 
convention  was  called  to  order.  I  never  saw  such  a 
sight.  On  the  platform  the  members  of  the  National 
Committee  sat  with  their  guests,  while  on  the  floor 
the  delegates  from  each  state  were  grouped  together, 
with  a  signboard  bearing  the  name  of  the  state  over 
their  heads.  Around  the  platform  sat  the  newspaper 
men,  while  many  other  men  and  women  crowded  the 
galleries.  I  forgot  to  say  that  Uncle  Sidney  brought 
little  Marjorie  with  him,  but  Aunt  Mary  was  ill  and 
could  not  come. 

ft;  was  just  eleven  o'clock  when  a  minister  opened  the 
convention  with  a  short  prayer.  Then  the  chairman 
of  the  National  Committee  read  some  announcements 
to  which  nobody  seemed  to  listen.  Already  the  heat 
of  the  day  was  calling  into  action  fans,  hats,  and  news- 
papers. The  chairman  had  to  bang  the  table  with  his 
gavel  over  and  over  again  in  order  to  go  on  with  busi- 
ness. The  roll-call  of  the  states  was  the  first  real 
business  of  the  hour,  and  the  clerk  called  "Alabama." 
Immediately  a  man  jumped  up  on  a  chair,  and  roared 
out  a  little  speech  which  simply  meant  that  Alabama 


A    NATIONAL   CONVENTION    STORY  191 

had  yielded  its  place  to  New  York.  The  whole  conven- 
tion seemed  stirred  through  and  through  by  this  state- 
ment, and  the  New  York  delegation  sprang  to  its  feet 
like  one  man,  while  some  of  the  men  jumped  to  their 
chairs  to  wave  their  flags  and  shout  uproariously.  The 
New  York  man  who  was  to  make  the  nominating 
speech  was  introduced  by  the  chairman  and  spoke  from 
the  platform.  I  think  it  must  have  been  a  great  speech, 
though  I  could  not  hear  a  word,  for  when  it  was 
over  there  went  up  a  shout  like  a  crash  of  thunder. 
Flags  appeared  everywhere,  hats  were  thrown  up,  men 
jumped  upon  their  chairs,  women  waved  their  para- 
sols, and  the  whole  hall  seemed  to  rock  with  the  motion 
of  the  audience.  While  the  band  was  playing^  the 
chairman  unfurled  a  silk  flag,  and  handed  it  to  one  of 
the  other  delegations.  Immediately  umbrellas  of  red, 
white,  and  blue,  bearing  portraits  of  the  President,  added 
new  excitement.  Then  it  was  that  the  New  York  dele- 
gation started  out  on  a  marching  tour.  Other  delega- 
tions joined  the  New  Yorkers,  and  as  they  paraded  up 
and  down  the  great  aisles,  shouting,  laughing,  and  cheer- 
ing, what  did  little  Marjorie  do  but  catch  sight  of  father, 
and  wave  her  flag  wildly  at  our  own  delegation.  I  don't 
know  what  you  will  think  when  I  tell  you  that  father 
was  so  excited  that  he  came  up  into  the  gallery,  picked 
up  Marjorie  before  Uncle  Sidney  knew  what  he  was 
doing,  and  pranced  off  with  her  on  his  shoulder,  heading 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


A   NATIONAL  CONVENTION   STORY  193 

the  procession  of  our  state  delegation.  I  grew  perfectly 
scarlet,  but  Uncle  Sidney  only  laughed,  and  said  that 
when  I  was  old  enough,  I'd  be  a  boy  again. 

After  all  this  uproar  over  the  nomination  speech  came 
the  roll-call  for  votes  upon  the  nominations.  It  began 
with  Alabama  again,  which  responded  with  a  unanimous 
vote  and  much  cheering.  The  states  followed  alpha- 
betically, and  in  a  few  moments  the  chairman  announced 
that  nine  hundred  ninety-four  votes  had  been  cast  for 
the  President. 

I've  tried  to  make  you  see  and  hear  and  feel  this  en- 
thusiasm, but  you  can't  half  imagine  the  pitch  of  excite- 
ment to  which  these  delegates  were  carried  during  the 
supreme  moment.  Father  was  only  one  among  hun- 
dreds who  forgot  dignity  and  propriety.  I  haven't 
begun  to  tell  you  of  the  comings  and  goings  of  the  man- 
agers among  the  delegates,  or  the  methods  by  which 
the  excitement  is  kept  alive  in  order  to  sway  the  feelings 
of  the  audience. 

I  would  not  have  missed  this  visit  to  the  national 
convention  for  anything.  I  realize  now  what  it  means 
to  be  in  politics,  and  I  also  realize  that  campaigning  for 
the  Federal  government  is  more  important  than  being  a 
soldier.  Why,  Dot,  I'm  going  to  be  a  politician  just 
like  father,  and  if  I  ever  am  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the 
national  convention,  you  shall  be  one  of  the  ladies  in 
the  gallery  with  a  white  parasol  and  a  silk  flag.  I  forgot 


194 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


to  say  that  we  didn't  stay  for  the  nomination  of  the  Vice 
President.  Marjorie  was  so  excited  that  we  had  to  take 
her  home.  When  father  finally  came  to  Uncle  Sidney's, 
he  was  so  hoarse  he  could  not  speak  aloud.  Aunt  Mary 
wanted  to  send  for  Dr.  Hyde,  but  Uncle  Sidney  said 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  AT  ST.  Louis,  1904 

that  father  had  surely  had  a  good  time  and  did  not  need 
a  doctor.  This  letter  is  to  you  and  mother  together,  and 
I  am  the  happiest  fourteen-year-old  boy  in  all  Chicago. 

Your  loving  brother, 

PAUL  HILLMAN. 

P.  S.       Two   hours  later.     Father's  voice    has    come 
back,  but  he'll  lose  it  again  talking  so  much  with   Uncle 


A   NATIONAL   CONVENTION   STORY  195 

Sidney  They  sound  like  two  college  men  after  a  victo- 
rious football  game.  I  tell  you  it's  great,  Dot,  it's  great 
to  be  here  !  P.  H. 

From  what  source  do  the  funds  come  to  run  a  national 
convention  ? 

Why  is  the  committee  on  credentials  so  very  important  ? 

Why  are  cities  like  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  chosen  to 
entertain  the  national  convention  ? 

What  does  "  dark  horse"  mean  at  the  time  of  a  conven- 
tion ? 

What  is  the  method  of  voting  at  the  convention  ? 

How  is  a  case  actually  reached  in  case  of  deadlock  ? 

Play  that  you  are  a  man  who  was  desirous  of  going 
to  the  national  convention  and  explain  the  steps  to  be 
taken  to  send  you  as  a  delegate. 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 

national  committee  platform 

nominating  committee  plank 

committee  on  credentials  nominee 

standing  committee  campaign 

candidate  national  convention 

delegate  state  convention 

delegates  at  large  county  convention 

district  delegates  congressional  district  con- 
alternate  vention 


196  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

OFFICIAL   TERMS    AND    DUTIES 
THE  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 

President :  The  officer  or  chairman  in  charge  of  the  convention. 

Temporary  Chairman  :  The    person  in  charge  for   the  time  being. 

Permanent  Chairman :  An  official  elected  to  the  office  by  a  vote  or 
choice  of  a  committee. 

National  Committee  :  The  members  of  this  committee  have  charge 
of  the  national  convention  and  its  work  of  organization.  They  call 
for  state  and  city  conventions ;  they  choose  a  place  of  meeting  and 
appoint  executive  committees,  standing  committees,  committees  on 
credentials,  etc. 

Executive  Committee :  These  officials  have  care  of  the  convention, 
make  press  announcements,  and  publish  party  literature. 

Committee  on  Credentials  :  These  officials  have  care  of  the  roll  of 
delegates,  seats  in  the  convention,  and  the  contests  of  delegates. 

Standing  Committee  :  These  officials  arrange  for  the  future  work  of 
the  organization. 

Committee  on  Platforms  :  These  members  announce  the  policy  of 
the  party  in  written  form. 

Committee  on  Nominations  :  This  committee  organizes  the  members 
who  are  best  fitted  for  candidates. 

Committee  on  Rules :  These  officials  make  the  rules  and  regulations 
by  which  the  committees  and  convention  are  ordered. 

Meeting  :  A  National  Committee  chooses  a  convenient  center  of  the 
country  for  the  national  convention,  and  makes  plans  months  before- 
hand in  order  that  there  shall  be  hospitable  conditions  for  members 
of  the  convention  and  their  friends. 


PUBLIC    DAYS:    A    PEACE    DAY   STORY 

"  WE  had  a  debate  in  school  to-day,  father,  and  our 
side  won."  Charlie  Andrews  had  joined  his  father  at 
the  office,  and  as  he  spoke,  the  latter  was  unfastening  his 
horse,  ready  to  drive  home  in  the  long  afternoon  sun- 
shine. 

"  It  is  the  1 8th  of  May,  you  know,  father;  Peace 
Day,  our  teacher  called  it.  It  is  the  anniversary  of  the 
opening  of  the  great  conference  at  The  Hague." 

"  Tell  me  about  the  debate,"  Mr.  Andrews  said,  pick- 
ing up  the  reins  and  backing  the  horse.  "  We'll  drive 
home  the  long  way  around,  it  is  such  a  beautiful  after- 


noon." 


"  Yes,  my  teacher  said  when  she  introduced  Mr. 
Brown,  that  she  was  sure  the  day  itself  believed  in  peace, 
everything  was  so  lovely. 

'97 


198  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  Well,"  and  the  boy  leaned  forward  with  his  hands  on 
his  knees  as  the  horse  settled  down  to  an  easy  jog, 
"  to  begin,  only  twelve  pupils  took  part,  six  on  each 
side.  The  class  had  chosen  the  debaters  a  week  ago, 
and  then  we  drew  lots  for  the  sides.  The  question 
was:  'Resolved:  International  disputes  can  be  and 
should  be  settled  without  war.' ' 

"  On  which  side  did  your  lot  fall,  Charlie  ?  "  asked  his 
father. 

"  I  was  on  the  affirmative,  and  I  was  glad,  because  I 
believed  in  everything  I  said.  I  have  been  reading  in 
the  library  for  just  this  debate.  Our  teacher  told  us 
what  to  read." 

"Well,  how  did  it  come  out?"  Mr.  Andrews  asked. 
"  I  myself  am  not  sure  that  I  believe  in  no  more  warfare ; 
it  has  proved  beneficial  in  the  past ;  war  has  led  men  to 
be  brave  in  sacrifice  and  strong  in  character." 

"  Oh,  father,  that  was  one  of  the  very  arguments  Arthur 
Bemis  used,  but  Jerry  O'Neil  replied  that  there  was 
opportunity  for  men  to  be  brave  at  fires  and  floods  and 
famines,  and  where  war  might  make  one  man  brave  it 
would  more  likely  make  nine  men  diseased  or  immoral. 
And  he  made  a  good  point,  we  thought,  when  he  said 
that  bravery  in  battle  does  not  imply  courage  to  face 
false  public  opinion,  or  to  vote  honestly,  or  to  carry  on 
business  by  upright  methods." 

"  That's  true,"    Mr.    Andrews  replied,  smiling   down 


PUBLIC    DAYS:      A   PEACE    DAY   STORY 


199 


at  the  eager  face  beside  him.  "  What  else  did  your  side 
say?  How  about  the  old  saying,  '  In  time  of  peace  pre- 
pare for  war  '  ?  " 

"  Mary  Chapman  had  to  answer  that  point  in  the 
argument,  and  she 
thought  that  when 
neighbors  were 
friendly,  it  would  be 
very  wrong  to  be  on 
the  alert  for  dis- 
loyalty or  insults. 
She  instanced 
Canada  and  the 
United  States.  I 
can't  remember  all 
that  she  said  about 
it,  but  everybody 
clapped  after  her 
speech  because  she 
was  so  earnest." 

"  Did  any  one 
suggest  that  war  kills  off  surplus  population  and  gives 
an  opportunity  for  thousands  of  men  who  might  other- 
wise become  tramps  ?  " 

"  Don't,  father !  There  is  no  need  of  killing  off 
people.  How  can  there  be  too  many  people?  In  our 
geography  lesson  we  have  learned  that  the  whole  popu- 


HUGO  GROTIUS 


26O 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


lation  of  the  earth    could  be    put  into   Texas  with    an 
allowance  of  half  an  acre  to  each  family." 

"  But  war  does  give  occupation,  my  boy.  Look  at 
those  men  over  there ;  see  how  shiftless  and  slovenly 
they  are.  If  they  were  in  barrack  drills,  they  would 

have  to  be  clean,  and 
they  would  be  well  dis- 
ciplined." 

"  Yes,  but  if  there  were 
no  armies,  hundreds  of 
millions  of  dollars  more 
could  be  spent  every  year 
upon  the  education  of 
just  such  ignorant  people; 
and  by  and  by  there 
would  be  no  ill-fed, 
slovenly  class." 

The  horse  was  walking 
now,  but  Mr.  Andrews 
seemed  to  forget  every- 
thing except  his  son's  ani- 
mated argument.  In  fact,  he  was  very  much  interested. 
"  I  was  talking  with  Captain  Armstrong  not  long  ago, 
Charlie,"  he  broke  out  after  a  few  moments'  silence. 
"  He  thought  that  the  army  and  the  navy  had  become 
the  two  greatest  national  functions  of  our  country.  He 
seemed  to  feel  that  but  for  our  Spanish  War  we  should 


IMMANUEL  KANT 


PUBLIC    DAYS:      A   PEACE    DAY   STORY  2OI 

still  be  a  second-grade  nation,  but  that  now  we  lead  in 
dignity  and  authority." 

"Oh,  I  wish  you  could  have  heard  Mary  Ellis  answer  that 
argument,  father.  She  said  that  one  might  as  well  ask 
a  dressmaker  whether  one  needed  a  new  gown  as  to  ask  a 
soldier  whether  he  needed  more  battleships.  She  also 
said  that  of  course  a  soldier  receives- no  promotions  in 
time  of  peace,  and  gets  little  glory.  Naturally  he  wants 
both.  She  argued  that  the  business  man  is,  therefore,  a 
better  judge  than  a  military  expert,  who  might  magnify 
his  own  profession  and  want  large  appropriations  of  money 
to  increase  military  authority.  One  of  the  arguments 
used  by  the  negative  side  was,  '  You  can't  change  human 
nature.'  I  replied  to  that." 

"  Well,  can  you  change  human  nature,  Charlie  ?  "  his 
father  asked  with  a  roguish  look  in  his  eye. 

u  Oh,  I  don't  suppose  I  said  much,"  Charlie  answered, 
blushing  a  little.  "  But  I  did  say  that  the  world  had 
changed  in  its  interests,  activities,  and  tastes  during  the 
last  two  hundred  years." 

"  How  could  you  prove  it? " 

"  We  don't  hang  witches  or  persecute  Quakers,  and  we 
aren't  so  intolerant  in  religion.  We  don't  keep  slaves, 
and  we  have  associations  to  prevent  cruelty  to  dumb  ani- 
mals. So  you  see  I  had  some  facts  to  prove  that  we  are 
less  cruel  than  our  ancestors.  My  teacher  told  me  to  take, 
for  an  example,  the  men  who  used  to  fight  duels.  They 


202 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


thought  no  court  could  settle  a  question  of  honor,  but 
gentlemen  of  to-day  carry  no  swords,  and  if  they  do  have 
quarrels,  they  settle  them  in  courts  and  not  by  killing 
each  other." 

"  Still,  I  don't  know  ;  it  looks  to  me  sometimes  as  if  in 
spite  of  these  few  changes,  mankind  had  not  gained 
much  in  the  last  hundred  years."  Mr.  Andrews  liked 
to  hear  what  Charlie  would  say,  you  see,  and  argued  in  a 

half  quizzical  mood. 
"  But,  father,  even 
if  mankind  does  not 
change  very  fast,  we 
do  not  need  to  wait 
for  persons  to  be  good 
before  certain  bad 
habits  are  given  up. 
In  my  reading  I 
have  found  that  in  the 
long  run  conditions 
have  been  bettered  in 
spite  of  everything. 
Think  of  those  old 
Italian  cities,  like 
Genoa  and  Florence. 
They  used  to  wall  themselves  in,  build  fortifications, 
and  raise  large  armies  just  to  fight  with  each  other. 
Even  in  the  United  States  it  took  our  Federal  Consti- 


WILLIAM  PENN 


PUBLIC    DAYS:     A   PEACE    DAY   STORY  203 

tution  to  bind  our  states  together.  Now  we  live  in 
peace,  even  if  all  men  are  not  noble  minded.  And 
with  a  federation  of  all  nations  greater  good  might 
be  assured,  we  claimed." 

"  What  was  the  next  argument  ?  "  asked  Mr.  Andrews. 

"  Mary  Thomas  answered  the  question,  '  Will  nations 
keep  their  pledges  if  the  court  of  arbitration  decides 
against  them  ? '  She  said  that  in  one  hundred  years 
there  had  been  two  hundred  and  fifty  disputes  settled 
l>y  commissions  or  courts,  and  in  not  one  single  case 
had  there  been  a  subsequent  outbreak  or  disagreement. 
Her  argument  closed  the  debate  and  the  affirmative 
was  declared  successful;  but  we  had  still  other  things 
on  the  programme.  First,  we  sang  America,  and  then 
one  of  the  guests  rose  and  told  us  about  The  Hague 
conference.  He  was  a  Mr.  Brown,  who  came  on 
purpose  to  tell  us  about  it;  he  had  acted  as  private 
secretary  to  one  of  the  delegates  in  the  summer  of  1899. 
He  said  there  were  a  hundred  men  present,  representing 
twenty-six  nations.  He  described  the  palace  where  the 
conference  met  and  explained  how  it  was  established, 
and  what  the  Czar  hoped  would  be  accomplished.  It 
was  very  interesting.  He  told  us  about  Mr.  Carnegie's 
gift  of  $1,500,000  to  build  a  courthouse.  After  he 
finished,  Mary  Stewart,  who  was  dressed  in  white, 
came  forward  and  read  the  names  of  great  men  who 
have  worked  for  the  peace  of  our  country." 


204  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

"  Who  are  they  ?"  asked  Mr.  Andrews. 

"  I  can't  remember  all,  but  Washington  and  Lincoln 
and  Franklin  and  Jefferson  I  knew,  and  Beecher  and 
Horace  Mann.  Then  there  were  General  Armstrong 
and  Colonel  Waring,  and  Charles  Sumner  and  Dorothea 
Dix.  Yes,  and  there  were  still  others,  whom  I  have  for- 
gotten. Their  names  were  written  upon  the  blackboard, 
and  we  are  to  study  about  them  in  reference  books. 
Then  we  shall  know  what  work  each  one  did  that  gives 
him  or  her  a  place  of  honor  on  the  roll-call  of  'peace 
heroes.'  After  Mary  Stewart  finished  reading  their 
names,  Jamie  McDonald  read  the  Arsenal  at  Spring- 
field. There  were  flowers  everywhere  in  the  room,  and, 
somehow,  I  felt  as  thrilled  with  the  thought  of  peace  as 
I  do  when  I  hear  martial  music.  We  wore  tiny  peace 
flags  in  our  buttonholes,  and  saluted  the  new  peace 
flag  which  Miss  Brown  had  made  for  the  room. 
Oh,  and  I  forgot !  There  was  the  motto  on  the  black- 
board, '  Peace  on  earth,  good  will  to  men.'  Nobody 
spoke  of  it,  but  I  guess  everybody  thought  whose  mes- 
sage it  was." 

"  Do  you  know,  Charlie,  I  think  I  shall  read  these 
convincing  arguments  which  you  have  been  reading,  and 
later  join  the  Peace  Movement  Association." 

"Will  you,  father?  How  grand!  Just  because  I 
helped  win  the  debate  ?  " 

"  No,  not  exactly,  though  I  am  proud  of  you  because 


PUBLIC   DAYS:     A   PEACE   DAY   STORY 


205 


you  helped  in  the  debate.  Your  little  class  exercise  has 
made  me  interested  in  the  movement,  a  movement  that 
may  change  the  outlook 
of  civilization.  If  you 
boys  and  girls  are  going 
to  help  bring  about  bet- 
ter things  for  the  coun- 
try, I  must  be  on  the 
same  side  with  my  boy, 
because  we  are  such 
good  comrades,"  said 
the  father. 

The  boy  sat  still  a 
moment,  then  broke 
out  with,  "  We  are 
pretty  good  chums, 

aren't      we,     father?"  JEAN  DE  BLOCH 

And    then,  because  he 

didn't  quite  know  what  to  say  next,  he  put  out  his  hand 
and  asked,  "  May  I  drive  the  rest  of  the  way  home  ?  " 

Which  ought  to  unite  countries  more  heartily,  trade 
intimacy  or  conquest  by  warfare  ? 

If  trade  exists,  why  not  build  up  treaties  instead  of 
standing  armies  ?  And  if  treaties  exist,  why  should  not 
disputes  be  settled  by  a  supreme  court  or  a  court  of  ar- 
bitration instead  of  by  bloodshed? 


206  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

Will  the  average  man  serve  his  country  most  by 
dying  for  it  or  living  for  it  ? 

Why  has  the  i8th  of  May  been  chosen  for  Peace 
Day? 

What  institutions,  such  as  hospitals,  old  people's  homes, 
trade  schools,  etc.,  are  needed  in  your  town  for  the  good 
of  the  people  ? 

Do  you  need  these  institutions  as  much  as  you  need 
soldiers  on  the  frontier  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States  ? 

What  inventions  of  the  nineteenth  century  have 
helped  to  bind  the  world  together  and  make  all  people 
dependent  upon  one  another  ? 

Does  it  not  seem  more  sinful  and  unnecessary  to  go  to 
war  now  than  it  did  hundreds  of  years  ago  ? 

Why  do  armaments  cost  vastly  more  than  they  used  to  ? 

Do  armies  and  navies  differ  from  duelists  ?  Do  they 
aim  to  get  justice  done  ? 

How  do  police  and  militia  aim  to  get  justice  done  ? 
Do  the  police  of  one  city  fight  with  the  police  of  another 
city?  Why  not? 

Why  is  it  that  we  shall  continue  to  need  police  and 
militia  ? 

If  patriotism  means  serving  one's  country  all  the  time, 
just  as  religion  means  service  of  God  all  the  time,  how 
have  we  shown  our  patriotism  during  the  nine  tenths  of 
the  period  in  which  this  country  has  been  at  peace  ? 


PUBLIC    DAYS:      A   PEACE    DAY   STORY  207 

What  can  you  find  out  about  Hugo  Grotius,  Imman- 
uel  Kant,  Jean  de  Bloch  ? 

Should  you  prefer  to  have  your  name  famous  as  a 
great  soldier  or  as  a  great  peacemaker  ? 

What  has  our  government  done  recently  in  the  matter 
of  the  "  peace  movement"  ? 

Who  are  the  famous  men  connected  with  the  Peace 
Conference  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire? 

VOCABULARY  —  THE  PEACE  MOVEMENT 

arbitration  disputes  signatory  power 

organization  commissions  rescript 

conference  treaties  ratified 

international  law  permanent  tribunal  international  police 
code  delegates  world  congress 

disarmament          conciliation  world  organization 

OFFICIAL  TERMS  AND  DUTIES 

President :  The  presiding  and  governing  officer  of  the  assembly. 

Vice  Presidents  :  The  officers  who  may  preside  and  govern  in  the 
absence  of  the  president. 

Standing  Committees :  Persons  nominated  to  serve  continuously,  in 
order  to  further  the  business  of  the  commission. 

Advisory  Committees :  Persons  who  are  appointed  to  give  their 
opinion  regarding  matters  that  come  before  the  commission. 

Committees  of  Correspondence  :  Members  of  the  commission  who  are 
in  communication  with  other  commissions  or  individuals  interested  in 
the  peace  movement. 


APPENDIX  A 

I.   THE   POLICE   DEPARTMENT 
TOPICS  FOR   INVESTIGATION 

Investigate  the  method  of  police  appointment  in  your  town  or  city. 

How  far  does  the  Civil  Service  examination  extend  in  the  police  department  ? 

How  does  street-lighting  facilitate  the  work  of  preventing  crime  ?  (Inter- 
esting data  may  be  found  in  street  reports  of  Glasgow,  Scotland.) 

Have  you  the  police  signal  in  your  town  or  city  ? 

What  is  the  Nanze  clock  system  ?     What  is  the  Bertillon  system  ? 

Note  the  work  of  the  police  force  in  connection  with  strikes  in  New  York, 
Fall  River,  Lowell,  Chicago,  etc. 

How  do  the  police  and  fire  departments  work  together  ? 

How  much  does  it  cost  your  city  to  keep  the  peace  ? 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  police  departments  ;  DOLE,  American  Citizen,  p.  87  ; 
DOLE,  Young  Citizen,  chapter  x;  CLARK,  Government,  chapter  vi  ;  WIL- 
LOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship,  pp.  112-113. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  187-188,  575-576  ;  JAMES  and  SANFORD, 
Government  in  State  and  Nation,  pp.  29-30 ;  GOODNOW,  City  Government  in 
the  United  States,  chapter  ix  ;  WILCOX,  Study  of  City  Government,  pp. 
24-27;  FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administration,  pp.  126-149;  FORMAN,  Ad- 
vanced Civics,  pp.  253,  390-395  ;  BRYCE,  American  Commonwealth,  vol.  ii, 
pp.  409,  568 ;  FISKE,  Civil  Government  in  the  United  States,  pp.  111-113. 

209 


210  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 

II.   THE   BOARD   OF   HEALTH 

TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

Investigate  the  relationship  between  the  city  or  town  Board  of  Health  or 
Health  Committee  and  the  state  Board  of  Health. 

Report  upon  the  state  board's  investigation  in  a  special  epidemic  in  your 
town  or  city,  if  any  such  investigation  has  occurred. 

Make  a  report  of  statistics,  comparing  the  health  of  the  city  during  one 
decade  with  that  of  the  following  decade. 

How  much  does  the  Board  of  Health  cost  your  city  ? 

How  is  the  Board  of  Health  appointed  ? 

How  far  does  the  Civil  Service  examination  have  weight  in  the  Board  of 
Health  appointments  ? 

Investigate  special  advanced  steps  in  sanitation  in  other  cities,  —  Boston, 
Chicago,  etc. 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  Boards  of  Health  ;  SMITH,  Training  for  Citizenship,  pp. 
93-94,  238-332  ;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Government  in  State  and  Nation, 
pp.  89-99 ;  MARTIN,  Civil  Government  in  the  United  States,  p.  33 ;  CLARK, 
Government,  p.  163. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

FORMAN,  Advanced  Civics,  pp.  391-392  ;  WILCOX,  Study  of  City  Govern- 
ment, pp.  28-31  ;  FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administration,  pp.  157-175;  HART, 
Actual  Government,  571-573;  GOODNOW,  City  Government  in  the  United 
States,  pp.  235,  245. 

III.    THE    FIRE    DEPARTMENT 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

Investigate  the  appointment  of  the  fire  department  in  your  city. 
What  is  the  actual  cost  of  the  fire  department  in  your  city  or  town  ? 
What  power  has  the  Civil  Service  in  appointments,  in  this  department  ? 
What  is  the  organization  in  its  social  character  ? 
Contrast  the  ancient  and  modern  fire  organizations. 
Explain  the  use  of  chemical  apparatus. 


APPENDIX   A  211 

What  need  is  there  of  fire-proof  buildings  ?  Have  all  the  buildings  in 
your  city  or  town  fire  escapes  ? 

Explain  the  cooperation  of  police  and  fire  departments. 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  fire  departments  ;  DOLE,  Young  Citizen,  p.  87  ;  O'HiG- 
GINS,  Smoke  Eaters.  (Extracts  from  these  tales  of  the  New  York  fire  de- 
partment will  interest  the  children.) 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  195-197,  573-574;  FAIRLIE,  Municipal 
Administration,  pp.  148-157;  Forum,  pp.  29,  566-571  ;  Popular  Science 
Monthly,  pp.  47,  477-603. 


IV.     THE   STREET   DEPARTMENT 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

Investigate  the  relation  of  the  street  department  to  the  Board  of  Health. 

What  is  the  probable  relationship  between  this  department  and  the  Board 
of  Overseers  of  the  Poor  ? 

What  is  the  relationship  between  the  purchasing  agent  or  supply  depart- 
ment of  the  city  and  the  street  department?  Illustrate  with  specimens  of 
requisition  papers,  contract  papers,  etc. 

To  what  extent  should  Civil  Service  dictate  the  workman's  position  in  the 
street  department? 

Note  the  kinds  of  pavements  in  your  own  town  or  city,  and  their  adapt- 
ability to  travel  and  traffic. 

What  relationship  ought  there  to  be  between  the  street  department  and 
Water  Board? 

Investigate  successful  work  done  by  the  street  department  in  New  York, 
Berlin,  and  other  large  cities. 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  street  departments;  CLARK,  Government,  pp.  56-163  ; 
DOLE,  Young  Citizen,  pp.  6-7,  89-91. 


212  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

GOODNOW,  City  Government,  chapter  ix ;  FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administra- 
tion, pp.  225-260  ;  WILCOX,  Study  of  City  Government,  p.  344;  HART, 
Actual  Government,  pp.  195,  515-516;  BRYCE,  American  Commonwealth, 
vol.  i,  p.  654. 

V.     SCHOOLS 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

Of  what  does  the  Board  of  Education  in  your  state  consist  ? 

What  is  the  relation  between  William  T.  Harris,  the  United  States  com- 
missioner of  education,  and  each  state  board  ? 

What  pedagogical  schools  exist  in  the  United  States  to-day  at  which  experi- 
ments in  child  study  serve  as  basis  for  scientific  principles  in  pedagogy  ? 

What  men  and  women  stand  foremost  among  the  many  educators  of 
to-day  ? 

Are  high  schools  increasing  ? 

Can  academies  take  the  place'of  high  schools  in  towns  or  in  cities  ? 

Wherein  does  our  American  system  of  education  differ  from  European 
systems  ? 

What  did  Horace  Mann  do  for  education  ? 

What  do  industrial  and  textile  and  commercial  education  do  to  develop 
pupils  ? 

Debate  :  Resolved,  that  we  need  more  manual  training  in  the  public 
schools,  in  order  to  further  the  best  interests  of  the  majority. 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  report  of  the  School  Committee  ;  DOLE,  Young  Citizen,  chapter  iii ; 
DOLE,  American  Citizen,  chapter  xvii;  MACY,  Our  Government,  chapter  viii ; 
SMITH,  Training  for  Citizenship,  chapter  iv;  CLARK,  Government,  chapter 
ix ;  PETERMAN,  Elements  of  Civil  Government,  chapter  ii ;  MACY,  First 
Lessons  in  Civil  Government,  chapter  v. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

BOYNTON,  School  Civics,  pp.  283-286;  GOODNOW,  City  Government 
in  the  United  States,  chapter  xi;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Government  in 


APPENDIX   A  213 

State  and  Nation,  chapter  ix ;  FISKE,  Civil  Government,  pp.  20-23 » 
FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administration,  pp.  200-217;  FORMAN,  Advanced 
Civics,  chapter  xlvi ;  HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  143-147,  548-549, 
551-554.  See  educational  journals  for  articles  by  great  educators;  for 
instance,  Charles  Eliot,  President  of  Harvard  University,  Nicholas  Murray 
Butler,  President  of  Columbia  University,  etc. 

VI.     THE   OVERSEERS   OF   THE   POOR 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

Investigate  the  method  of  appointment  of  the  public  officers  charged  with 
the  care  of  the  poor. 

Investigate  the  appointment  of  the  superintendent  of  the  city's  poor  farms 
or  almshouses,  and  his  duties. 

What  relation  is  there  between  a  city  department  and  the  state  department 
of  charities  ? 

What  power  has  Civil  Service  in  the  matter  of  appointment  of  assistants  ? 

What  is  the  actual  cost  of  caring  for  the  poor  in  the  city  or  town  in  which 
you  live  ? 

Note  the  increase  or  decrease,  according  to  population,  of  paupers  in  your 
town  or  city. 

Note  the  forces  in  society  which  tend  to  the  prevention  or  the  increase  of 
pauperism. 

Note  the  work  of  charity  organizations  and  of  city  institutions,  and  of  per- 
sonal investigation  in  other  cities,  as  instanced  by  that  of  Jacob  Riis. 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  public  charities  ;  state  charity  reports  ;  magazine  entitled 
Charities,  published  by  The  Charity  Organization  Society,  New  York :  DOLE, 
American  Citizen,  chapters  xxxiii-xxxiv ;  MACY,  Our  Government,  chapter  x. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Government  in  State  and  Nation,  chapter  viii ;  GOOD- 
NO  w,  City  Government  in  the  United  States,  chapter  x;  FORMAN,  Advanced 
Civics,  chapter  1 ;  WILCOX,  Study  of  Civil  Government,  pp.  34-36 ;  COLER> 
Municipal  Government,  chapters  ii  and  iii  ;  FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administra- 
tion, pp.  182-191  ;  see  reports  of  private  charities. 


214  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

VII.     MUNICIPAL    INTERESTS 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

How  are  Water  commissioners  or  Water  boards  appointed  in  your  town 
or  city  ? 

How  far  does  the  Civil  Service  commission  affect  your  Water  Board  ? 

What  does  your  Water  Board  cost  annually  ? 

Are  the  gas  and  electrical  plants  owned  by  your  city  or  town?  If  so,  how 
do  the  officers  receive  their  appointments  ?  Does  the  Civil  Service  affect  the 
employees  ? 

If  these  departments  are  controlled  by  private  corporations,  what  rela- 
tion must  exist  between  the  city  government  and  these  corporations? 

What  arguments  are  there  for  and  against  municipal  ownerships  of  such 
franchises  as  gas,  electricity,  and  trolley  systems  ? 

Why  are  the  Croton  Water  Works  famous  ? 

What  great  water  systems  of  your  state  are  examples  of  special  engi- 
neering? 

What  European  water  works  are  world  famous? 

CHILDREN'S   LIST  OF   BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  Water  boards  and  Street-lighting  commissions:  DOLE, 
American  Citizen,  pp.  134-135;  DOLE,  Young  Citizen,  chapter  ii ;  WIL- 
LOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship,  pp.  266-267  5  CLARK, 
Government,  pp.  85-86. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

COLER,  Municipal  Administration,  chapter  v ;  WILCOX,  Study  of  Civil 
Government,  pp.  43-47 ;  FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administration,  pp.  272-289 ; 
FORMAN,  Advanced  Civics,  chapter  xxix ;  GOODNOW,  City  Government, 
chapter  xii ;  HART,  Actual  Government,  p.  574;  FISKE,  Civil  Government, 

pp.  115-117- 

/ 

VIII.     PARK    SYSTEMS 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

What  professions  have  grown  out  of  park  making? 
Where  can  students  study  for  such  professions? 


APPENDIX   A  215 

What  do  you  know  about  national  parks  ? 
What  great  and  famous  city  parks  can  you  name? 
What  private  parks  are  world  famous? 
What  is  Congress  trying  to  do  about  a  new  public  park? 
What  does  it  cost  your  city  to  maintain  its  parks? 
How  are  your  park  commissioners  or  their  equivalent  appointed? 
Do  Civil  Service  examinations  control  any  appointments  in  the  Park  Com- 
mission of  your  city  or  town  ? 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 
Annual  reports  of  the  Forestry  Bureau  and  city,  state,  and  national  parks. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

FAIRLIE,  Municipal  Administration,  pp.  261-269  i  HART,  Actual  Gov- 
ernment, pp.  328-333 ;  current  magazine  articles :  for  such  see  POOLE'S 
Index. 

IX.     JUVENILE    COURTS 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

In  what  cities  have  the  Juvenile  courts  made  most  progress? 

Why  does  the  immigration  question  make  the  Juvenile  Court  problem 
more  important? 

What  work  is  the  national  Children's  Home  Society  trying  to  accomplish  ? 

What  is  the  Visitation  and  Aid  Society  accomplishing? 

Why  must  the  development  of  the  Juvenile  Court  spring  from  the  city 
and  state  rather  than  from  the  Federal  government? 

What  progress  has  been  made  in  the  idea  of  punishment  for  children 
during  the  last  hundred  years? 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Juvenile  Court  Record  (a  magazine  published  in  Chicago)  :  DOLE,  Young 
Citizen,  chapter  xi ;  DOLE,  American  Citizen,  chapter  xxxviii. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

GOODNOW,  City  Government  in  the  United  States,  pp.  211-212;  WIL- 
LOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship,  p.  93 ;  COLER, 
Municipal  Government,  chapter  iii ;  current  magazine  articles,  referred  to  in 
POOLE'S  Index,  especially  noting  work  done  in  the  Denver  Juvenile  Court. 


2i6  LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

X.     CAUCUS,   ELECTION,   AND   INAUGURATION 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

What  political  conditions  have  led  the  citizens  of  your  town  or  city  to 
need  city  committees  ? 

What  are  the  problems  which  confront  city  committees  where  the  popula- 
tion is  not  only  large  but  to  a  great  extent  foreign  born  ? 

What  famous  elections  have  there  been  in  the  history  of  your  town  or 
city? 

What  is  the  oath  of  office  which  the  mayor  of  your  city  must  take  ? 

How  can  the  mayor  of  a  great  city  overcome  to  any  extent  municipal 
corruption  ? 

What  mayors  in  the  last  five  years  throughout  the  country  have  attempted 
this? 

What  cities  in  Europe  are  famous  for  their  municipal  government  ? 

What  has  the  Civic  League  in  certain  states  done  to  advance  municipal 
government  ? 

What  has  the  "  Civil  Service  Reform  "  accomplished  in  overcoming  munici- 
pal corruption  ? 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Campaign  literature ;  SMITH,  Training  for  Citizenship,  chapters  x,  xxii ; 
DOLE,  American  Citizen,  chapters  viii,  xix,  xx,  xxi ;  BOYNTON,  School 
Civics,  pp.  211,  270;  WILLOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizen- 
ship, chapter  xiii ;  PETERMAN,  Elements  of  Civil  Government,  chapter  xviii ; 
MACY,  Our  Government,  chapter  xiii. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

GOODNOW,  City  Government  in  the  United  States,  p.  156;  FISK,  Civil 
Government  in  the  United  States,  p.  241  ;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Government 
in  State  and  Nation,  chapter  v ;  MACY,  Party  Organization  and  Machinery 
(very  illuminating)  ;  BRYCE,  American  Commonwealth,  vol.  i,  pp.  657-669, 
vol.  2,  pp.  142,  271  ;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Our  Government,  chapter  xxiii ; 
HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  72-85  ;  WILCOX,  Study  of  City  Government, 
pp.  65-66 ;  COLER,  Municipal  Government,  chapter  ix ;  MARTIN,  New  Civil 
Government,  chapter  xxiv  ;  FORM  AN,  Advanced  Civics,  chapter  xlv ;  DAL- 
LINGER,  Nominations  for  Elective  Office,  chapters  ii,  v,  viii. 


APPENDIX   A  217 

XI.    TOWN   MEETINGS 
TOPICS  FOR   INVESTIGATION 

Why  did  New  England  adopt  the  town  meeting,  while  the  colonists  farther 
south  preferred  other  forms  of  local  government? 

What  happens  in  New  England  when  the  town  becomes  too  large  for 
orderly  government  in  the  town  meeting? 

If  a  manufacturing  village  grows  up  in  a  farming  town,  ought  it  to  be  set 
off  as  a  separate  town  ? 

Are  there  other  democratic  governments  besides  our  own  in  which  every- 
body has  a  share  ? 

In  the  community  meeting  of  the  canton  of  Appenzell  in  Switzerland,  four- 
teen thousand  men  sometimes  appear,  each  one  wearing  a  sword.  They 
represent  direct  government  "  by  the  people."  Why  is  our  indirect  and  rep- 
resentative form  of  government  in  larger  towns  of  greater  advantage  to  the 
community,  even  if  direct  government  be  lost  sight  of? 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  report  of  any  New  England  town ;  DOLE,  Young  Citizen,  chapter 
xxii ;  MACY,  Our  Government,  pp.  2-12  ;  WILLOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of 
American  Citizenship,  pp.  261-262. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

FISKE,  Civil  Government,  chapter  ii ;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Our  Govern- 
ment, pp.  23-29;  BRYCE,  American  Commonwealth,  vol.  i,  pp.  590-610; 
FORMAN,  Advanced  Civics,  chapter  xxvii ;  MARTIN,  New  Civil  Government, 
chapter  xxii ;  HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  170-171. 

XII.    VILLAGE   IMPROVEMENT   ASSOCIATIONS 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

Has  your  state  created  any  organized  work  to  better  village  conditions? 

What  villages  or  towns  near  you  have  taken  steps  to  organize  local  civic 
interests? 

How  does  a  state  federation  go  to  work  to  help  a  local  organization? 

In  great  cities  there  is  need  of  civic  pride.  Why  does  the  town  or  village 
need  improvement  also,  though  in  different  ways? 


218  LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

In  Dole's  Young  Citizen,  chapters  xxi  and  xxii,  we  are  told  the  story  of 
"  The  City  Beautiful  "  and  "  A  Model  Town."  After  reading  these,  write  the 
story  of  your  own  town  or  city  and  see  if  yours  is  "  beautiful "  or  a  "  model." 


CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  local  associations ;  reports  of  Massachusetts  Civic 
leagues ;  reports  of  American  Civic  associations ;  past  reports  of  American 
League  for  Civic  Improvement  (now  out  of  existence)  ;  past  reports  of  Ameri- 
can Park  and  Outdoor  Art  Association ;  current  magazine  articles,  referred  to 
in  POOLE'S  Index. 

TEACHERS"    LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  local  associations ;  reports  of  Massachusetts  Civic 
leagues ;  reports  of  American  Civic  associations ;  past  reports  of  American 
League  for  Civic  Improvement  (now  out  of  existence) ;  past  reports  of  Ameri- 
can Park  and  Outdoor  Art  Association ;  current  magazine  articles,  referred  to 
in  POOLE'S  Index. 


XIII.     IMMIGRATION  AND   NATURALIZATION 
TOPIC  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

What  were  our  relations  to  foreigners  in  the  early  period  of  our  nationaliza- 
tion? 

What  were  the  alien  and  sedition  laws  ?  and  why  were  they  not  enforced  ? 

What  of  the  coming  of  the  Chinese,  and  the  subsequent  Chinese  Exclu- 
sion Bill? 

What  very  recent  steps  have  been  taken  in  order  to  admit  certain  Chinese 
into  the  country? 

What  restrictions  have  been  made  in  late  years  concerning  foreign 
immigration? 

Do  authorities  upon  immigration  believe  that  we  should  protect  ourselves 
against  further  immigration? 

Are  the  foreign  countries  themselves  suffering  from  depletion  of  population 
because  of  this  steady  increase  in  emigration  ? 


APPENDIX   A  219 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Annual  reports  of  Immigration  and  Naturalization  bureaus ;  FLECKINGER, 
Civil  Government,  p.  269;  STRONG  and  SCHAFER,  Government  of  the 
American  People,  p.  186;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Our  Government,  pp.  99-153- 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  17,  18,  450-453,  572,  573;  GOODNOW, 
City  Government,  pp.  4,  5,  572-573  ;  BRYCE,  American  Commonwealth,  vol.  i, 
p.  651  ;  MARTIN,  New  Civil  Government,  pp.  46,  293;  FORMAN,  Advanced 
Civics,  pp.  102-105 ;  WILLOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizen- 
ship, pp.  17-18,  28,  138,  190-191. 

XIV.     NATIONAL  CONVENTIONS 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

What  famous  national  conventions  have  you  read  about  in  your  history  ? 

What  made  the  Democratic  convention  of  1844  a  noted  one? 

Who  were  the  leaders  of  the  Free  Soil  convention  of  1848? 

In  what  convention  was  Lincoln  so  prominent? 

How  did  Bryan  save  his  party  in  1904? 

What  takes  the  place  of  our  national  convention  in  English  politics? 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Campaign  literature  of  political  parties ;  MARTIN,  New  Civil  Government 
p.  227;  MORY,  Elements  of  Civil  Government,  pp.  104-108;  SMITH,  Training 
for  Citizenship,  pp.  85-88,  109;  WILLOUGHBY,  Rights  and  Duties  of  American 
Citizenship,  pp.  305-308 ;  STRONG  and  SCHAFER,  Government  of  American 
People,  pp.  196-197. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

HART,  Actual  Government,  pp.  96-98;  JAMES  and  SANFORD,  Our 
Government,  chapter  xiii ;  FISKE,  Civil  Government,  pp.  240-241  ;  JAMES 
and  SANFORD,  Government  in  State  and  Nation,  chapter  v ;  BRYCE,  Ameri- 
can Commonwealth,  pp.  82,175-220;  DALLINGER,  Nominations  for  Elective 
Office,  pp.  35-43;  FORMAN,  Advanced  Civics,  chapter  xxx;  MACY,  Party 
Organization  and  Machinery,  chapter  vi. 


220  LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR   CITIZENS 

XV.     PUBLIC   DAYS— PEACE   DAY 
TOPICS  FOR  INVESTIGATION 

What  was  accomplished  by  the  World  Court  at  The  Hague  in  1901  ? 

What  efforts  have  been  made  to  establish  general  arbitration  between  all 
nations,  as  already  between  a  few  ? 

What  two  countries  in  South  America  have  begun  disarmament  ? 

If  a  small  "armed  national  police  force  "  were  created  to  take  the  place  of 
a  "  standing  army,"  how  would  it  differ  in  usefulness  to  a  nation  in  time  of 
riot,  mob,  etc.  ? 

What  could  an  international  police  force  do  ? 

How  are  the  cruelties  of  war  being  lessened  ? 

What  has  the  Red  Cross  work  accomplished  ? 

What  steps  have  already  been  taken  for  the  organization  of  the  world  ? 
What  remain  to  be  taken  ? 

When  the  nations  have  a  World  Congress  and  when  they  settle  their  dis- 
putes just  as  men  or  cities  now  do,  and  an  international  police  force  takes  the 
place  of  armies  and  navies,  how  much  money  will  be  saved  every  year  ? 

How  could  this  money  best  be  spent  ? 

How  many  churches,  hospitals,  schools,  dwelling  houses,  and  business 
blocks  like  those  in  your  town  (the  cost  of  each  to  be  ascertained)  could  be 
built  with  the  savings  of  one  year  ? 

What  does  the  neutralization  of  Switzerland  and.  Belgium  mean  ? 

Would  it  be  a  wise  thing  for  other  countries  to  be  neutralized  ? 

How  did  the  Chinese  merchants  in  1905  teach  the  United  States  that 
nations  have  other  ways  than  war  to  get  justice  done  to  their  citizens  ? 

Tell  the  story  of  the  "  Christ  of  the  Andes." 

Tell  the  history  of  The  Hague  courts. 

CHILDREN'S  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

Such  a  list  has  yet  to  be  developed.  Many  anecdotes  taken  from  the 
literature  for  older  readers  will  serve  delightfully. 

TEACHERS'  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

BRIDGMAN,  World  Organization ;  TRUEBLOOD,  The  Historical  Develop- 
ment of  the  Peace  Idea ;  CRAPSEY,  Relation  of  War  to  Working  Classes ; 
WALSH,  The  Moral  Damage  of  War ;  VON  SUTTEN,  Lay  Down  Your  Arms  ! ; 
SUMNER,  Address  on  War;  MEAD,  Primer  of  Peace  Movement;  reports  of 
the  Peace  Society ;  magazine  articles. 


APPENDIX    B 


GLOSSARY 


Absentee.  One  who  stays  away  from 
his  private  or  public  place  or  sta- 
tion. 

Adult.  A  person  grown  up  ;  one  of 
age. 

Aerial  Ladder.  An  extension  ladder 
used  at  fires. 

Agent.  One  who  is  authorized  to 
act  for  another  or  for  a  body  of 
persons. 

Alarms.  Signals  by  means  of  fire 
boxes  connected  by  electricity  with 
fire  department  headquarters. 

Alien.  A  foreigner  not  naturalized  as 
a  citizen. 

Allegiance.  The  obedience  or  fidelity 
which  a  citizen  owes  to  the  govern- 
ment of  his  country. 

Almshouse.  An  institution  for  the 
care  of  the  poor  and  unfortunate. 

Alternate.  A  person  selected  as  a 
delegate  to  go  to  a  convention  in 
the  place  of  the  regular  delegate,  if 
the  latter  is  unable  to  go. 

Ambulance.  A  vehicle  specially  fitted 
for  service  when  accident  cases  or 
invalids  are  to  be  carried  to  a  hos- 
pital. 


Ammonia.     A  volatile  alkali. 

Anarchist.  One  who  produces  con- 
fusion or  disorder  in  government. 

Apparatus.  The  tools  and  furnish- 
ings used  by  the  fire  department. 

Appeal.  A  removal  of  a  case  from 
one  court  to  a  court  of  higher  au- 
thority for  the  purpose  of  ree'x- 
amination. 

Appointive  Power.  The  right  of  an 
executive  to  name  men  for  certain 
offices. 

Aqueduct.  A  conduit  or  pipe  for  con- 
veying water  from  one  place  to 
another. 

Arbitration.  The  investigation  and 
determination  of  a  matter  under  dis- 
cussion by  a  disinterested  person 
or  persons  mutually  chosen  by  the 
contending  parties. 

Arrest.  The  seizure  of  a  person  by 
an  officer  of  the  law. 

Articles.  The  terms  set  forth  in  a 
town  warrant  or  other  written 
notice. 

Asphalt  Pavement.  A  sidewalk  made 
of  bitumen  or  mineral  pitch  and 
other  materials. 


221 


222 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


Assessor.  One  who  estimates  the 
tax  which  should  be  paid  by  the 
inhabitants  of  a  community. 

Athletics.  Systematic  exercise  of 
one's  body  to  develop  strength 
and  lightness  and  firmness  of 
muscles  and  nerves. 

Auditors.  Persons  employed  to  ex- 
amine the  accounts  of  official  de- 
partments. 

Australian  Ballots.  Ballots  printed 
by  the  state,  containing  the  names 
of  all  the  candidates  of  all  the 
parties. 

Bail.  The  release  of  a  prisoner  on 
security  for  his  appearance  in  court ; 
also,  the  sum  given  for  the  security. 

Ballot.  Printed  or  written  votes  cast 
at  elections. 

Baseball  Diamonds.  Land  set  aside 
for  exclusive  use  by  baseball 
players. 

Bath  House.  A  house  fitted  up  with 
conveniences  for  bathing,  as  bath- 
room, tubs,  sometimes  a  tank  for 
swimming-bath,  etc. 

Batteries.  A  group  of  cells  or  jars  in 
which  electricity  is  produced  by 
means  of  chemical  action. 

Beat.  The  round  or  course  walked 
or  ridden  by  a  watchman. 

Bituminous  Macadam.  A  pavement 
made  of  asphalt  or  mineral  coal 
or  tar,  or  the  like. 

Board' of  Health.  A  number  of  per- 
sons appointed  to  see  that  the  con- 
ditions in  a  community  are  such  as 
will  promote  the  health  of  the 
public. 


Booths.  Temporary  houses  built  for 
the  purpose  of  holding  caucuses 
and  also  used  as  polling  places. 

Boulevard.  A  wide  public  street  usu- 
ally planted  with  rows  of  trees. 

Brick  Pavement.  A  sidewalk  made 
from  squares  of  earth  or  clay  burnt 
in  a  kiln. 

Burners.  The  part  of  a  lighting  appa- 
ratus from  which  the  light  issues. 

Call  Men.  Citizens  of  a  town  or  city 
who  are  attached  to  a  fire  depart- 
ment, but  who  serve  only  at  the 
time  of  actual  need  and  are  other- 
wise engaged  in  their  own  trades 
and  callings. 

Campaign.  The  agitation  and  prepa- 
rations previous  to  an  election. 

Campaign  Literature.  Printed  pam- 
phlets, posters,  and  newspaper  work 
setting  forth  political  issues  and  the 
history  of  the  candidates  of  a  party. 

Candidate.  A  citizen  who  offers  him- 
self or  is  offered  at  a  caucus  for 
election  to  an  official  position. 

Carbons.  Rods  ,of  artificial  carbon 
used  in  arc  lamps. 

Castle  Garden.  A  circular  building 
situated  on  the  Battery,  New  York. 
It  was  built  in  1805.  From  1855  to 
1891  it  was  used  as  a  place  of  recep- 
tion for  immigrants,  but  the  immi- 
grant station  has  been  transferred  to 
the  Barge  Office  and  thence  to 
Ellis  Island. 

Catch  Basins.  Open  waterways  into 
which  the  street  water  may  flow, 
and  which  are  connected  with  the 
sewers. 


APPENDIX   B 


223 


Chairman.  The  presiding  officer  or 
speaker  of  an  assembly,  association, 
or  company. 

Challenge.  A  call  to  answer  or  to 
give  account. 

Charitable  Institutions.  Homes,  asy- 
lums, etc.,  established  by  the  public 
or  by  charity  organizations  for  the 
benefit  of  the  unfortunate. 

Check  List.  The  registrar's  list  of 
names  of  citizens  who  have  a  right 
to  cast  a  vote  at  caucus  and  election. 

Chemicals.  The  apparatus  designed 
for  immediate  and  temporary  use 
in  putting  out  fires.  The  extin- 
guisher generally  contains  an  acid 
which  mingles  with  a  salt  and  water 
and  produces  a  gas  which  smothers 
the  fire. 

Cinder  Pavement.  One  made  of 
burnt-out  coals,  reduced  to  small- 
est possible  size. 

Citizens1  Relief  Associations.  Organ- 
ized societies  to  aid  the  poor. 

Civic  Betterment.  The  improvement 
in  town  and  city  life  which  grows 
out  of  municipal  reform. 

Civic  League.  An  organization  of 
citizens  to  further  good  municipal 
government. 

Civic  Pride.  An  earnest  pride  on 
the  part  of  citizens  to  make  their 
municipal  life  worthy  of  commen- 
dation. 

Code.     A  system  of  related  laws. 

College  Course.  A  course  that  fits  its 
students  to  enter  a  college  or  uni- 
versity. Also  sometimes  the  course 
of  study  at  the  university  itself. 


Commercial  Course.  A  course  that 
prepares  a  young  person  to  go  into 
the  business  world ;  the  course 
generally  includes  the  study  of 
stenography,  bookkeeping,  and 
commercial  law. 

Commission.  The  appointment  of 
one  or  more  officials  to  perform 
certain  duties. 

Committee.  A  body  of  persons  ap- 
pointed to  manage  or  examine. 

Committee  on  Credentials.  The  com- 
mittee to  investigate  the  testimony 
and  legality  of  delegates  to  conven- 
tions. 

Commons.  Open  public  grounds  or 
spaces. 

Community.  The  body  of  the  peo- 
ple ;  the  public. 

Competitive  Contest.  A  mutual  con- 
test for  the  same  object  in  order 
to  develop  rivalry. 

Complainant.  One  who  makes  a 
complaint. 

Complaint.  A  statement  made  to  the 
proper  officer  that  some  person  has 
been  guilty,  or  is  thought  guilty,  of 
an  offense. 

Conciliation.     Agreement  of  peace. 

Concrete  Pavement.  A  composition 
of  lime,  sand,  and  pebbles,  cemented 
by  mortar  or  refuse  tar. 

Conduit.  A  canal  or  drain  or  pipe 
for  conducting  water. 

Conference.  A  formal  meeting  or  as- 
sembly of  persons  for  the  discus- 
sion of  some  important  matter. 

Constable.  An  official  policeman  or 
watchman. 


224 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


Construction.     The  act  of  building. 

Consulting  Engineer.  An  expert  au- 
thority upon  mechanical  drawings, 
constructions,  and  plans. 

Contagion.  The  communication  of 
disease  from  one  person  to  another 
by  direct  contact. 

Contract.  A  writing  which  contains 
the  terms  of  a  bargain. 

Converter.  A  machine  which  changes 
one  current  of  electricity  into  a  cur- 
rent of  another  quality. 

Courses.  The  arrangement  of  studies 
in  a  methodical  series. 

Court.  The  place  where  justice  is 
administered ;  also  judge  or 
judges. 

Criminal.  A  person  guilty  of  break- 
ing the  law  and  offending  the  pub- 
lic sense  of  justice. 

Crossings.  Flaggings  running  be- 
tween street  corners  or  at  intervals 
across  streets. 

Cultures.  The  forced  increase  of  bac- 
teria or  other  microscopic  organisms 
by  the  introduction  of  germs  into 
suitably  prepared  fluids  or  other 
media. 

Curriculum.  A  course  of  studies  in  a 
school. 

Custody.  The  act  of  keeping  or 
guarding ;  imprisonment. 

Cutouts.  Devices  by  means  of  which 
an  object,  which  may  become  elec- 
trified, is  thrown  out  of  contact  with 
an  electric  source. 

Dead  Wires.  Conductors  in  which 
there  is  no  electric  flow.  Any  elec- 
tric wires  which  are  not  used. 


Debates.  Discussions  where  two  or 
more  people  dispute  or  argue  a 
question  in  such  a  manner  that  out 
of  this  contest  one  or  the  other 
debater  is  supposed  to  establish  his 
argument. 

Declaration  of  Intention.  A  declara- 
tion made  in  court  by  an  alien  of 
his  intent  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States. 

Decrepits.  People  infirm  because  of 
old  age. 

Delegate.  Any  one  sent  and  em- 
powered to  act  for  another. 

Delegates-at-Large.  Four  delegates 
from  each  state,  not  chosen  by  dis- 
tricts, to  each  national  conven- 
tion. 

Derricks.  Apparatus  for  hoisting 
heavy  weights,  furnished  with  pul- 
leys and  consisting  of  a  spar  sup- 
ported by  stays. 

Detention.  The  act  of  holding  in  re- 
straint ;  delay. 

Dirt  Scrapers.  A  machine  to  smooth 
and  clean  roadways. 

Disarmament.  Divesting  a  nation  of 
its  arms  or  warlike  implements. 

Disease.  A  condition  which  denotes 
ailment  of  body  or  mind. 

Disinfectants.  Substances  which  pre- 
vent infection  from  passing  from 
one  person  to  another. 

Dispensary.  An  office  in  which  medi- 
cines are  compounded  and  from 
which  the  poor  may  receive,  at  the 
city's  expense,  their  drugs  when 
needed. 

Dispute.     Where  two  people  or  two 


APPENDIX   B 


225 


nations  cannot  come  to  an  agree- 
ment. 

Donor.     One  who  makes  a  gift. 

Dormitories.  Sleeping  apartments  or 
buildings  capable  of  containing 
many  beds. 

Drainage.  The  process  of  drawing 
off  surface  or  underground  water 
through  canals  or  aqueducts  or 
other  artificial  channels. 

Drain  Wells.  Cisterns  connected  with 
drainage. 

Draught  Horse.  A  strong,  heavily 
built  horse  for  carts  or  heavy  wagons. 

Drilling  Spoons.  Long-handled  in- 
struments for  piercing  or  boring 
holes. 

Dumper.  A  boat  so  constructed  that 
rubbish,  ashes,  and  all  unsanitary 
refuse  can  be  dropped  into  the  water 
far  away  from  shore. 

Dynamo.  A  machine  which  generates 
electricity. 

Edgestones.  Stones  around  public  or 
private  property  or  on  the  outer 
edge  of  sidewalks. 

Election.  The  act  of  choosing  offi- 
cers of  government  by  means  of 
ballot  or  other  methods  of  voting. 

Emigration.  Going  from  one  coun- 
try to  reside  in  another. 

Engine.  A  machine  that  generates 
force. 

Engineer  of  Fire  Department.  The 
chief  executive  of  a  fire  company 
or  companies. 

Environment.  The  physical  and  so- 
cial conditions  by  which  a  person 
is  surrounded. 


Epidemic.  A  disease  which  attacks 
many  persons  at  the  same  time. 

Equipment.     Necessary  furnishings. 

Evaporation.  Act  of  dissipating 
water  into  vapor. 

Exclusion.  The  prohibition  or  ejec- 
tion of  some  one  from  the  privi- 
leges of  a  place  or  a  country. 

Execution  of  a  Warrant.  The  instru- 
ment or  official  order  by  which  an 
officer  is  empowered  to  carry  into 
effect  the  judgment  of  a  court. 

Executive  Power.  The  power  of  the 
person  who  administers  the  gov- 
ernment and  laws  of  a  community. 

Experimental  Station.  A  laboratory 
where  tests  are  made  and  other  ex- 
periments tried  for  the  public  benefit. 

Exploders.  Instruments  made  to  hold 
explosives  to  be  used  in  explosions. 

Explosion.  A  bursting  or  breaking 
forth  with  a  loud  noise. 

Explosives.  A  mixture  of  materials 
which  burst  forth  with  violence 
and  noise,  breaking  into  or  forcing 
themselves  upon  other  matter. 

Extension-ladder.  A  device  used  in 
the  fire  department  for  ascent, 
which  can  be  lengthened  or  short- 
ened. 

Felony.  A  crime  that  is  punishable 
by  death  or  by  severe  and  lengthy 
imprisonment. 

Fire  Commissioner.  A  city  official 
who  has  charge  of  the  fire  depart- 
ment. 

Foreigner.  An  alien  ;  a  person  from 
another  country. 

Forestry  Preservation.     The  attempt 


226 


LESSONS   FOR   JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


on  the  part  of  individuals  and  or- 
ganizations to  keep  our  forests 
intact. 

Fountain.  An  ornamental  structure 
in  which  the  flow  of  water  is  made 
a  public  convenience,  or  is  used  to 
beautify. 

Franchise.  A  right  given  to  the  peo- 
ple by  a  government ;  as  a  right  to 
vote,  or  a  right  to  use  public  pos- 
sessions fora  private  business,  as  to 
lay  tracks  in  streets. 

"Fresh  Air1'  Societies.  Charity  or- 
ganizations which  provide  city  chil- 
dren with  holidays  in  the  country 
or  at  the  seashore. 

Fumigation.  The  act  of  fumigating, 
or  of  using  or  applying  smoke  or 
fumes  (as  of  sulphur)  for  various 
purposes,  as  for  coloring,  or  disin- 
fecting houses,  clothes,  etc. 

Fuse.  A  strip  of  lead  so  placed  on 
the  passage  of  an  electric  current 
that  when  the  current  becomes  too 
strong,  it  will  melt  and  thus  break 
the  circuit. 

Garbage.  Refuse  matter  which  is 
gathered  by  the  health  department. 
It  is  often  burned  in  crematories  in 
order  to  prevent  disease  springing 
from  decay. 

Gas.  A  colorless,  invisible  substance 
which,  when  burned,  produces  light 
and  heat. 

Gasoline.  A  colorless,  volatile,  im- 
flammable  liquid,  produced  by  dis- 
tilling crude  petroleum. 

Gasometer.  A  tank  for  storing  gas, 
consisting  usually  of  an  iron  cylin- 


der closed  at  the  top  and  open  at 
the  bottom,  resting  in  a  water  tank 
in  which  it  rises  and  falls  as  gas  is 
admitted  or  withdrawn. 

Gavel.  The  mallet  used  by  the  mod- 
erator or  chairman  of  a  meeting 
to  call  the  members  to  order. 

Germs.  Bacteria  ;  the  smallest  forms 
of  life,  which,  by  their  presence  and 
multiplication  in  animals,  cause 
many  diseases. 

Grades,  (i)  The  preparation  and 
raising  or  leveling  of  ground  to  a 
certain  height  or  depth  ;  (2)  the 
divisions  or  classes  of  a  public 
school  course. 

Graduation.  The  act  of  dignifying 
with  a  degree  or  diploma  a  boy  or 
girl  who  has  finished  his  or  her 
course  in  a  school  or  college. 

Guardianship.  The  office  of  a  per- 
son appointed  to  protect  or  to  have 
the  custody  of  another  person  or 
another  person's  property,  because 
of  the  person's  incapability  of 
directing  his  own  affairs. 

Gutter.  A  drain  for  carrying  off  sur- 
face water. 

Health  Inspection.  Oversight  of  sani- 
tary and  hygienic  conditions. 

Highway.  A  public  road  open  to  all 
passengers. 

Highway  Surveyor.  The  public  of- 
ficer who  measures  the  land,  roads, 
and  streets  of  a  township. 

High  Service.  Pressure  of  water  that 
can  supply  houses  standing  on  high 
elevations. 

Hog  Reeve.     An  unimportant  officer 


APPENDIX   B 


227 


in  a  town  government.  He  has  the 
care  of  stray  swine. 

Holiday.  A  day  for  rest  or  sport  or 
festivity. 

Hook-and-Ladder  Wagon.  The  trucks 
containing  the  short  ladders  and 
hooks  to  be  attached  to  the  ladders 
or  worn  by  the  firemen. 

Hose  Carriage.  The  wagon  contain- 
ing hose  pipe. 

Hospital.  A  building  provided  for 
sick,  wounded,  lunatic,  and  other 
unfortunate  persons. 

Houses  of  Mercy.  Homes  established 
by  charity  organizations,  where  the 
unprotected  or  destitute  may  re- 
ceive judicious  aid. 

Hydrant.  A  discharge-pipe  from  the 
main  pipe  of  an  aqueduct. 

Hydraulics.  The  motion  of  liquids 
and  the  laws  which  regulate  them 
and  the  effects  which  they  produce. 

Hygiene.  That  branch  of  study  or 
investigation  which  has  for  its  ob- 
ject the  preservation  of  health. 

Immigration.  Coming  into  a  place 
with  the  intention  of  residing  in  it. 

Inaugural  Oath.  The  oath  taken  at 
inauguration  by  an  executive  offi- 
cial is  a  formal  statement  or  promise 
to  serve  city  or  state  or  country. 

Inauguration.  The  act  of  introducing 
into  an  office  with  certain  cere- 
monies. 

Incandescent.  Shining  or  glowing 
with  heat. 

Industrial  Schools.  Institutions  es- 
tablished by  the  state  or  charitable 
associations  where  boys  and  girls 


may  be  taught  a  trade  and  receive 
homelike  care  at  the  same  time. 

Infection.  Communication  of  disease 
by  indirect  as  well  as  direct  contact. 

Infirmary.  A  kind  of  hospital  for  the 
sick  poor. 

Insane.  Persons  whose  minds  have 
become  deranged. 

Inspector.  One  who  oversees  or  ex- 
amines critically ;  one  who  makes 
an  official  examination. 

Institutional  Home.  An  establish- 
ment under  the  state  or  charity 
organizations  where  wayward  boys 
and  girls  are  sent  in  order  to  be- 
come of  greater  service  to  them- 
selves and  others. 

Institutions,  (i)  Establishments  for 
the  promotion  of  some  object; 
(2)  organized  societies  or  bodies  of 
persons  devoted  to  a  special  pursuit 
or  pursuits. 

Insulator.  A  device  employed  for  pre- 
venting the  transmission  of  elec- 
tricity from  a  wire  or  other  electri- 
fied body  to  surrounding  objects. 

International  Law.  Law  common  to 
two  or  more  nations  ;  or  law  relat- 
ing to  the  intercourse  between  dif- 
ferent nations. 

International  Police.  A  constabulary 
force  which  has  power  of  enforcing 
law  and  order  among  different 
nations. 

Isolation.  The  state  of  being  isolated 
or  alone. 

Janitor.  A  person  who  has  care  of 
buildings. 

Jigger,     (i)  A    small,  light-running 


228 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


mechanical  contrivance  used  for 
hauling,  and  having  a  rapid,  jerky 
motion;  (2)  a  machine  to  haul  in 
a  cable. 

Judgment.  The  decision  pronounced 
by  court  upon  matters  brought  be- 
fore it. 

Juvenile.     Youthful. 

Juvenile  Court.  A  court  of  probation 
and  lesser  punishments,  connected 
with  municipal  courts,  where  first 
cases  of  misdemeanor  on  the  part 
of  youth  meet  with  special  protec- 
tion and  advice. 

Kindergarten.  A  school  for  the 
youngest  children  ;  from  the  Ger- 
man "  child1s  garden." 

Lamp  Posts.  Posts  placed  on  corners 
and  at  intervals  along  streets  for 
the  support  of  lights. 

Landmarks.  Any  fixed  objects  serv- 
ing to  preserve  boundaries  of  lands. 

Landscape  Gardening.  The  art  of 
laying  out  ground  so  as  to  produce 
the  effect  of  natural  landscape. 

Law.  Rules  and  enactments  made 
by  legislative  authority  in  accord- 
ance with  preexisting  constitutions. 

Lawns.  Open  spaces  where  grass  is 
grown. 

Live  Wires.  Wires  through  which 
an  electric  current  is  passing. 

Local  History.  The  history  of  an  in- 
dividual town  or  city. 

Low  Service.  Pressure  of  water  that 
can  supply  houses  on  ordinary  level. 

Macadamized  Pavement.  A  pave- 
ment made  of  crushed  stone,  so 
named  from  McAdam,  the  inventor. 


Magistrate.  A  public  officer  having 
authority  in  affairs  relating  to  the 
community ;  he  may  be  either  an 
executive  or  judicial  officer. 

Manholes.  Openings  of  sufficient 
size  to  admit  a  man,  which  com- 
municate from  the  surface  of  a 
road-bed  with  an  underground  con- 
duit. 

Mantel.  The  incandescent  body  in  a 
Welsbach  gas  burner. 

Manual  Training.  Hand  work  which 
becomes  through  exercise  an  educa- 
tional branch  of  learning. 

Mayoralty.     The  office  of  a  mayor. 

Meter,  (i)  An  apparatus  for  meas- 
uring the  quantity  of  electricity 
or  gas  that  passes  through  it  in  a 
given  time.  (2)  An  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  amount  of  water 
that  passes  through  it  in  a  given 
time. 

Microbes.  Bacteria  which  are  instru- 
mental in  the  production  of  infec- 
tious disease  in  man  and  the  lower 
animals. 

Microscopes.  Optical  instruments, 
consisting  of  lenses  or  mirrors  which 
magnify  objects,  that  often  are 
not  visible  to  the  naked  ey,e. 

Minor.  A  man  under  twenty  -  one 
years  of  age,  or  woman  under 
eighteen  years  of  age ;  one  not  al- 
lowed by  law  to  act  in  important 
matters  independently  of  a  parent 
or  guardian. 

Misdemeanor.  An  offense  not  so 
criminal  as  felony,  or  a  so-called 
minor  offense. 


APPENDIX   B 


229 


Moderator.  One  who  presides  over  a 
meeting  called  for  the  discussion  of 
public  matters. 

National  Committee.  The  committee 
appointed  at  a  national  convention 
to  decide  upon  matters  relative  to 
the  next  national  convention. 

National  Convention.  The  meeting 
together  of  the  delegates  sent  from 
the  states  and  territories  for  the 
purpose  of  nominating  a  President 
and  Vice  President. 

Naturalization.  The  act  of  being 
invested  with  the  privileges  of 
native  subjects  or  citizens. 

Nitrogen.  A  gas  which,  together 
with  oxygen,  forms  atmospheric 
air. 

Nominating  Convention.  A  repre- 
sentative body  called  for  the  pur- 
pose of  naming  candidates  for  office. 

Nomination.  The  act  of  naming 
some  one  for  office  or  place. 

Nominee.  A  person  named  by  others 
for  office  or  for  election  to  office. 

Offenders.  Guilty  persons  ;  those  who 
disobey  a  law. 

Officers.  Persons  authorized  to  per- 
form public  duty  or  specific  duty. 

Official  Relief.  Aid  derived  from  the 
proper  authority  or  officials. 

Organization.  A  public  body  or 
society  so  regulated  for  work, 
through  systematized  parts,  as  to 
form  one  whole. 

Outdoor  Gymnasium.  A  place  for 
athletic  exercises  conducted  out  of 
doors. 

Outdoor  Relief,     The  department  of 


Overseers  of  the  Poor  which  sup- 
plies necessary  goods,  such  as  food 
and  medicine  and  fuel,  at  certain 
times,  to  the  poor  of  a  city  or  town. 

Overseers.     Inspectors  or  agents. 

Oxygen.  A  gas  existing  in  the  com- 
mon air  which  is  necessary  for 
breathing. 

Park  Commissioner.  A  municipal  offi- 
cial in  charge  of  a  park  or  system 
of  parks. 

Parks.  Inclosed  gardens  and  fields, 
made  beautiful,  so  far  as  possible, 
for  public  use. 

Parkway.  Part  of  a  park  system, 
generally  the  territory  connecting 
one  park  with  another. 

Pathway.  A  narrow  walk  for  trav- 
elers on  foot. 

Paupers.  The  poor  who  acknowledge 
themselves  incapable  of  self-sup- 
port. 

Pavement.  A  covering  of  a  street  or 
sidewalk  made  of  stone,  brick,  or 
other  material. 

Pavilion.     A  summer-house ;  a  tent. 

Permanent  Tribunal.  A  lasting  court 
of  justice. 

Piping.  Tubes  or  conduits,  generally 
of  metal  or  earthenware,  used  to 
conduct  gas  or  liquids  from  place 
to  place. 

Plank.  Each  one  of  the  declarations 
of  the  principles  of  a  political  party 
put  forth  in  its  platform. 

Platform.  A  statement  of  political 
principles  issued  by  each  party. 

Playsteads.  Public  land  set  aside  for 
the  use  of  children. 


230 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


Plumbing.  System  of  pipes,  traps, 
connections,  etc.,  carrying  fresh 
water,  steam,  or  refuse  through 
private  houses,  or  public  build- 
ings. 

Plumbing  Inspector.  A  city  official 
who  examines  the  pipes  and  other 
apparatus  connected  with  water 
works  and  sewerage. 

Pole  Lines.  A  term  applied  to  tele- 
graph, telephone,  and  electric  light 
or  power  lines  that  run  overhead, 
to  distinguish  them  from  similar 
lines  placed  underground. 

Police.  Civil  officers  whose  duty  it  is 
to  enforce  law  and  order. 

Policeman.  A  member  of  the  police 
force. 

Political  Machinery.  The  organized 
officials  and  supporters  of  a  politi- 
cal party  who  produce  certain  far- 
reaching  results. 

Political  Party.  An  organized  body 
of  men,  interested  from  the  same 
point  of  view,  who  act  together  to 
further  certain  state  or  national 
policies. 

Polling  Places.  Places  where  caucus 
and  election  votes  are  cast. 

Poor  Farm.  A  home  provided  by 
municipal  government  for  the  sick 
and  decrepit  of  a  city  or  town. 

Pound-driver.  The  town  official  who 
has  charge  of  stray  animals  if  there 
is  a  "  pound "  or  public  field  for 
such  animals. 

Precinct.  A  municipal  district,  gener- 
ally included  within  a  ward. 

Probation.     A  trial  or  time  allotment 


through  which  one  must  pass  in 
order  to  prove  that  past  misde- 
meanors will  not  occur  again. 

Protective  Wagons.  The  wagons 
containing  the  rubber  blankets 
and  other  coverings  that  are  used 
at  fires  to  prevent  damage  from  the 
water. 

Public  Playgrounds.  Places  provided 
in  cities  where  children  who  live  in 
crowded  districts  may  play. 

Public  Safety.  Protection,  health,  and 
the  use  of  public  conveniences  are 
included  in  the  assurance  that  a 
city  is  a  safe  place  in  which  to  live. 

Public  Sentiment.  The  point  of  view 
taken  by  the  majority  of  the  people 
for  the  time  being. 

Public  Service.  The  duty  of  men  and 
women  to  interest  themselves  in  the 
affairs  of  their  government. 

Pumping  Station.  The  house  con- 
taining the  engine  which  forces 
the  water  into  the  mains. 

Push  Button.  A  device  for  operating 
an  electric  circuit  by  the  movement 
of  a  button. 

Quarantine.  A  brief  confinement  of 
immigrants  or  travelers  on  entering 
a  country  for  fear  of  bringing  infec- 
tious diseases. 

Ratifying.  Making  valid  or  confirm- 
ing a  contract  properly  entered  into. 

Reformatory.  An  institution  for  re- 
forming criminals. 

Refuge.  A  place  of  safety;  that 
which  shelters  or  protects. 

Refuse.  Waste  matter,  rejected  as 
useless. 


APPENDIX   B 


231 


Registrar.  One  whose  office  is  to 
keep  a  record. 

Registry,  (i)  The  act  of  enrolling  a 
name  upon  a  record ;  (2)  a  place 
of  record  of  documents. 

Repairs.     Things  mended  or  refitted. 

Rescript.     An  order  or  command. 

Rescue  Homes.  Charitable  institu- 
tions where  young  people  may  be 
assisted  to  live  purer  and  more  ser- 
viceable lives. 

Reservation.  In  the  United  States : 
a  tract  of  the  public  land  re- 
served for  some  special  use,  as 
for  schools,  communities,  parks, 
Indians,  etc. 

Reservoir.  A  place  where  the  supply 
of  water  for  a  city  or  town  is  held 
before  it  is  distributed  throughout 
the  great  mains. 

Restriction.     A  limit. 

Rubbish.     Worthless  matter. 

Rubbish  Dump.  A  public  heap  re- 
served for  refuse,  which  the  public 
may  use. 

Salvation  Army.  A  religious  and 
charitable  sect  doing  its  work 
among  the  very  poor. 

Sanitation.  The  care  of  conditions 
pertaining  to  health. 

Scavenger.  A  person  engaged  to 
clean  the  city  streets  by  sweeping 
and  scraping,  and  by  carrying  off 
the  refuse. 

School  Board.  School  Committee  :  a 
number  of  persons  chosen  by  a.town 
or  city  to  look  after  the  needs 
and  oversee  the  work  of  the  public 
schools. 


School  Superintendent.  One  who 
attends  to  details  of  school  super- 
vision under  the  general  direction 
of  the  School  Committee. 

Scientific  Course.  A  course  that  in- 
cludes the  study  of  natural  phi- 
losophy, biology,  chemistry,  and 
such  branches. 

Secretary.  A  person  employed  to 
manage  affairs  and  to  have  charge 
of  orders,  letters,  public  or  private 
papers,  records,  and  the  like. 

Sediment.  That  which  settles  at  the 
bottom  of  water  or  other  liquid. 

Selectmen.  The  town  officers  who 
are  chosen  by  the  people  to  con- 
trol, administer,  and  execute  the 
laws  and  business  of  a  town,  when 
town  meeting  is  not  in  session. 

Sentence.  The  judgment  of  a  court 
upon  a  criminal  pronounced  after 
the  hearing  of  a  cause. 

Serving  a  Warrant.  Executing  a 
summons  or  warrant  upon  a  per- 
son supposed  to  be  guilty  of  an 
offense. 

Sewage.  The  superfluous  water  and 
refuse  carried  off  through  subterra- 
nean drains  in  a  city. 

Sewer.  A  passage  or  drain  to  con- 
vey water  underground. 

Sewerage.  A  system  of  drainage  by 
means  of  sewers  or  drains. 

Sewer  Maintenance.  The  supply  ap- 
propriated by  the  city  or  the  town 
for  keeping  up  a  proper  system  of 
drainage. 

Sheriff.  The  chief  civil  officer  of  a 
county,  intrusted  with  the  execu- 


232 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR   CITIZENS 


tion  cf  the  law  and  the  preserva- 
tion of  peace. 

Shrubbery.  Low  shrubby  bushes. 
A  plantation  of  shrubs,  as  in  a 
garden  or  pleasure  ground. 

Sick-diet  Kitchens.  Charity  rooms 
where  women  are  taught  to  cook 
wholesome  food  for  invalids,  and 
where  the  poor  may  receive  soup 
for  their  sick  friends. 

Signatory  Power.  The  power  to  affix 
a  binding  signature  with  a  seal. 

Social  Improvement.  The  advance- 
ment of  society  in  towns  and  cities. 

Social  Interests.  Such  objects  of 
study  and  aid  as  schools,  munici- 
pal ownership  of  street  railways 
and  gas  plants,  the  development 
of  parks,  the  care  of  the  poor, 
etc. 

Specimen  Ballot.  An  unofficial  bal- 
lot which  may  be  examined  before 
the  state  ballot  is  issued. 

Sprinklers.  Machines  for  watering 
the  streets. 

Stand-pipe.  A  tower  for  the  water 
supply. 

State  Aid.  Money  provided  by  the 
state  for  the  benefit  of  worthy 
persons  where  private  means  are 
insufficient. 

State  Hospital.  An  institution  pro- 
vided by  the  state,  generally  hold- 
ing from  one  thousand  to  two 
thousand  inmates,  who  are  depen- 
dent upon  charity,  from  one  cause 
or  another. 

Statuary.  Images  of  marble,  bronze, 
or  other  substance. 


Steam  Drills.  Large  boring  machines 
run  by  steam. 

Stone  Crushers.  Heavy  machines 
made  to  crush  large  stones  to 
small  size. 

Storm  Guards.  Wooden  fences  made 
of  boards,  placed  close  together 
and  so  situated  as  to  prevent  the 
sidewalks  and  bridges  and  open 
thoroughfares  from  accumulating 
snow  or  sand ;  or  to  protect  from 
the  winds. 

Street  Roller.  A  machine  which 
smooths  the  surface  of  a  street. 

Summerhouse.  A  rustic  building 
in  a  garden,  used  in  summer  for 
pleasure. 

Summons.  A  writ  by  which  a  per- 
son is  summoned  to  appear  in 
court  to  answer  a  plaintiff. 

Superintendent.  One  who  super- 
vises with  much  authority. 

Superintendent  of  Public  Works.  The 
public  officer  who  has  charge  of 
public  buildings  or  construc- 
tions. 

Superintendent  of  Streets,  or  Road- 
master.  The  official  who  cares 
for  the  highways  and  public  thor- 
oughfares. 

Supervisor.  An  inspector  or  over- 
seer, as  in  school  matters  or  street 
departments  or  waterworks. 

Supplies.  The  stock  needed  to  fur- 
nish the  schoolroom  or  store. 

Supply-wagons.  The  fire  department 
wagons  which  are  filled  with  ad- 
ditional tools,  instruments,  cloth- 
ing, etc. 


APPENDIX   B 


233 


Swimming  Pools.  Artificial  ponds, 
generally  with  a  sloping  bottom,  in 
which  swimming  is  learned  or 
practiced. 

Switches.  Devices  for  opening  and 
closing  an  electric  circuit. 

Tax  Collector.  One  appointed  by  a 
city  or  town  to  collect  the  taxes  due 
the  government. 

Technology.  An  explanation  of  the 
art  or  science  of  a  particular  pro- 
fession. 

Test.  A  process  by  which  certain 
physical  conditions  are  proved  or 
disproved  to  exist. 

Thoroughfare.  An  unobstructed  way 
or  street. 

Thrift  Agencies.  Charitable  organi- 
zations which  teach  the  ignorant 
poor  how  to  live  well  with  small 
means. 

Town  Clerk.  The  officer  who  has 
charge  of  the  written  records. 

Town  Constable.     A  police  officer. 

Town  Warrant.  An  official  notice  is- 
sued by  the  selectmen  of  a  town  and 
bearing  the  town  clerk's  signature. 

Training.  Act  of  shaping  by  exercis- 
ing discipline. 

Tramps.  Men  or  women  who  wan- 
der from  place  to  place  with  no 
home  and  no  purpose  of  steady 
work. 

Transmitter.  An  electrical  apparatus 
which  sends  the  electric  impulses 
over  a  conductor. 

Treason.  In  the  United  States  con- 
sists only  in  levying  war  against 
the  United  States,  or  in  adhering 


to  her  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and 
comfort. 

Treasurer.  One  having  charge  of 
the  money  of  any  organization. 

Treaties.  Agreements  or  contracts 
made  between  two  or  more  inde- 
pendent states. 

Trial.  An  examination  before  a  com- 
petent tribunal,  according  to  the 
laws  of  the  country,  of  facts  or  of 
persons  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining whether  such  facts  are  offen- 
sive, or  if  the  persons  are  guilty  of 
offending  the  law. 

Trial  Justices.  Justices  assigned  to 
hold  court  for  the  trial  of  causes, 
usually  before  a  jury. 

Truant  Commissioner.  The  officer  in 
charge  of  children  who  stay  from 
school  without  permission. 

Truants.  Children  who  stay  from 
school  without  permission. 

Truant  School.  A  home  and  school 
for  boys  who  have  become  con- 
stant truants  from  the  city  or 
town  school  where  they  should  re- 
ceive their  education.  These  tru- 
ant schools  are  for  the  most  part 
reform  schools  with  a  high  purpose. 

Trucks.  The  fire  wagons  that  hold 
the  long  ladders. 

Tunnel.     An  underground  passage. 

Underground  Lines.  Electric  con- 
ductors placed  underground,  either 
by  actual  burial  or  by  passing  them 
through  underground  conduits  or 
subways. 

Vacation.  A  long  recess  from  work 
or  from  school. 


234 


LESSONS   FOR  JUNIOR  CITIZENS 


Vaccination.  An  operation  which 
consists  in  inserting  matter  under 
the  skin  in  order  to  prevent  the 
disease  of  small-pox. 

Vaccine.  Virus  ;  a  substance  obtained 
from  a  cow  and  used  in  vaccination 
for  the  prevention  of  a  greatly 
dreaded  disease. 

Ventilation.  Purifying  with  fresh  air 
or  wind. 

Verdict.  The  unanimous  decision 
made  by  a  jury  and  reported  to  the 
court  in  civil  or  criminal  cases. 

Veto  Power.  The  power  which  the 
executive  branch  of  a  government 
has  to  refuse  to  sign  a  bill  passed 
by  the  legislative  power. 

Vote,  (i)  The  right  of  suffrage; 
(2)  the  right  of  a  legislator  to  ex- 
press his  preference  in  regard  to 
any  question,  measure,  or  choice. 

Wading  Pools.  Artificial  or  natural 
water  places,  shallow  enough  for 
children  to  use  for  bathing. 

Ward,  (i)  A  municipal  district  under 
the  charge  of  a  government  officer ; 
(2)  a  person  under  the  care  of  a 
guardian. 


Warrant.  A  writ  authorizing  an 
officer  to  arrest  a  person  named 
or  to  attach  certain  property. 

Watering  Department.  The  official 
or  board  that  has  care  of  watering 
the  streets. 

Water  Meters.  Machines  that  meas- 
ure the  supply  of  water. 

Water  Tower.  A  portable  pipe  made 
in  sections  used  to  afford  a  high 
head  of  water  at  fires.  * 

Welsbach  Lighting.  A  gas-lighting 
system  in  which  an  asbestos  mantle 
is  heated  to  white  heat. 

Wiring.  Collectively,  the  wires  or 
conducting  circuits  used  in  distrib- 
uting electricity. 

Witness.  A  person  who  gives  evi- 
dence before  a  court  or  representa- 
tive of  the  court. 

World  Congress.  A  meeting  together 
of  representatives  from  all  civilized 
nations  of  the  world. 

World  Organization.  Uniting  all  civil- 
ized nations  into  a  body  acting  as 
a  whole  in  matters  of  law  and 
order, 


YC  45210 


459918 


4 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


